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Chapter 1.4, The Use of Measuring Instruments, Accuracy, Consistency,…

- - - - When using a ruler, the eyes of the observer must be parallel to the scale of the ruler to prevent parallax error (Figure 1.9). Parallax error occurs due to the wrong positioning of the eyes when taking measurements.
- - - - When using a ruler, the eyes of the observer must be parallel to the scale of the ruler to prevent parallax error (Figure 1.9). Parallax error occurs due to the wrong positioning of the eyes when taking measurements.
- - - - Vernier calipers is used to measure the thickness or outer diameter, inner diameter and depth of an object. The smallest division of the reading of a vernier calipers is 0.01 cm or 0.1 mm. Therefore, vernier calipers is much more accurate compared to a ruler which can only measure the smallest reading up to 0.1 cm or 1 mm.
        
        To determine the positive zero error, the error has to be read from the "0" mark on the vernier scale. To determine the negative zero error, the error has to be read from the "10" mark on the vernier scale.
    - - The vernier scale has 50 divisions. Each division on the vernier scale is 0.01 mm.
      - The eyes of the reader should be perpendicular to the reading to prevent parallax error.
- - - - Conduct experiments with caution
      - Repeat the experiment using different measuring instruments
- - - - Parallax error
      - Carelessness of observer when taking the reading
      - Wrong technique
    - - Take a few readings of measurement and take the average reading
      - To reduce the impact of parallax errors, the observer's eyes should be perpendicular to the scale reading