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Paper 1, Section 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The war started in 2011 as Syrians enraged by corruption and emboldened by a wave of "Arab Spring" protests across the region took it to the streets to demand democratic accountability for their leaders. It started as peaceful but the government replied with aggression e.g. killing and arrested which Syrian people protest violently against the government
      - Why is it hard to fix
        
        Different branches of rebels have no unified leaders and some support had been cut due to the opposition not being strong enough to defeat the government ( both sides are equal)
        
        Government forces are also depleted
        
        The Syrian government is like a puppet government because Iran and Russia often exercise greater control
    - - 2015 - the new president put in place by the GDC who was not able to resolve the social and political issues
        Houthi rebel groups mobilised to attempt to overthrow the new government
      - Houthi rebels are mostly Shia Muslims backed by Iran (also Shia) (allegedly) whereas the Yemeni government is Sunni led based and backed by Saudi Arabia (also Sunni) which has the considerable military power
        Saudis have bombed large parts of their country which has destroyed the already difficult conditions. This means the rebels have support from the locals who see the government as corrupt. The Houthi rebels have taken control of the capital port city of Sanaa which has stopped desperately needed aid from getting in
    - - -After WW2, the British (and the UN) gave parts of Palestine as a homeland to the Jews who had suffered great persecution from the Nazis.
        -Slowly, the Israelis have encroached on land that international law (UN) states is Palestinian. This has antagonised the Palestinians and led to armed conflict.
        -The Israelis continue to build on the land despite international objections
      - Why is it hard to fix
        
        -Palestine sometimes used guerrilla warfare which
        
        -Other armed factions are involved in supporting each side (e.g. Hamas & the Palestinians) causing the violence to continue.
        
        -Both Palestinians & Israelis feel they have a right to live on the same piece of land so without creating 2 countries
        
        Who has the right to what piece of land?
        
        Ongoing mistrust between the two sides is based on a long legacy of conflict.
  - - - Allows people to stand up for what is right in a non-threatening way
      - Gives you a moral upper ground
      - Allows people to raise awareness and show that they are equal to caucasian people
    - - Results in people being beaten, arrested
      - Takes a long time
      - Participants may feel trapped as if they fight back then it might escalate
  - - - it must be fought to achieve a religious goal.
      - it must be authorised by a religious leader.
      - it must promise a spiritual reward for those who fight in the war.
    - - A just war is a war that is declared for right and noble reasons and fought in a certain way. A just war is not a war that is ‘good’ as such – it is a war that Christians feel to be necessary or 'just' in the circumstances when all other solutions have been tried and have failed. It is a necessary evil and a last resort.
      - St. Aquinas Criteria
        
        Proper Authority (Leader of the country)
        
        Just cause (self-defence)
        
        Establish good (fought to restore peace)
        
        Reasonable chance of success (don't take on Russia if you are only HK)
        
        Last Resort (already tried nonviolent for example discussions)
        
        Proportional to the cause (if one person is killed don't blow up an entire country)
        
        Controlled Violence (try not to hit civilians)
      - Non-Religous
        
        Holy War is indefensible (unjustified) and religions are misguided on this issue.
        
        There is no God and so the truth about life is to be found in reason and science.
        
        Most would accept the Just War theory as it is based on reason and moral values.
        
        Any holy war doesn't make sense and seems illogical to
  - - - It hurts civilians who did not choose to be in a war e.g suicide bombings in public places
      - Non-violent means can work (e.g Gandhi and Indian independence - passive resistance he staved himself when his followers resulted to terrorism which stopped him as they loved him)
    - - Most effective war to draw attention to an injustice (animal rights activists have attacked research centres
      - Sometimes terrorism is justified as it was a form of justification (9/11 argued it was in response to American interference in their country)
  - - - For
        
        The cold war- owning WMDs might deter other countries from starting a war e.g. protection
        
        A quick win - might lead to fewer casualties. The USA believed that dropping nuclear bombs in Japan would help end WW2
      - Against
        
        High loss of life e.g. over 100,000 estimated to have died in Japan in WW2.
        
        chemical weapons and nuclear weapons can lead to long term bad effects for infrastructure & ecosystems.
    - - For
        
        Loving thing to do as it ends the conflict more quickly
        
        “An eye for an eye” - if another country uses WMD on your country you can retaliate with them
      - Against
        
        With Aquinas JW's just war criteria, Christians are not meant to harm civilians which is a cause of some casualties of WMDs
        
        "thou shall not kill” - WMDs are designed to destroy huge areas so Christianity should avoid loss of life
- - - - Teach younger kids to not bully
      - Teach kids to not be bystanders
    - - Some people will always seek dominance over others as it is human nature
      - Some people will always bully others because of their own insecurities and since some people don’t understand if they are bullying or just teasing
  - - - We are made in the image of God - This means that bullying is an assault against God
      - The parable of the sheep and the goat - This means we should treat others as we wish to be treated
      - The golden rule “Do unto others as you would have them do to you…” - This means jesus said that we should treat others as we would God
    - - Christianity regards using violence without a just cause as sinful, and bullying often always involves using violence (whether physical or verbal) which is unjustified and so is sinful.
      - Christianity teaches that human beings are a creation of God made in God's image. Bullying is mistreating God's creation and so is wrong.
      - Christianity teaches that it is the duty of Christians to protect the weak and innocent for example, the Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37) Bullying is the exact opposite of this as bullies attack and exploit the weak and innocent, so bullying must be wrong.
- - - - It prevents casualties- As people die and get severely injured peace would stop many people from dying and getting injured
      - It prevents displacement- someone has to leave their home due to danger and peace would let everyone stay safe
      - It prevents economic drops- war creates many economic problems as weapons and military equipment cost a lot of money and peace would stop economic drop
    - - Yes
        
        If you teach people more empathy they should realise that violence is not acceptable
        
        The united nations exist to support peace around the world and so for it has helped mediate between countries in conflict and has helped solve some conflicts
        
        Many christians would say it is possible as we can follow the example of Jesus who never fought in wars and forgave his enemies (even during his arrest and death) so we can do the same
      - No
        
        Survival of the fittest- we have always had to fight for something and it still continues
        
        They are human emotions that are part of us
        
        Hobbes said that life the state of nature is ‘nasty, brutish and short’ meaning that it is human nature to fight for dominance so there will always be war.
        
        However, the UN was set up over 70 years ago and in that time there have been many conflicts, many of which continue today e.g. Israel/Palestine conflict has still not been resolved and the UN has attempted to help each side negotiate peace but to no avail.
        
        Original sin- Catholic Church teaches that humans are ‘fallen’ since Adam and Eve, meaning they are inclined to sin, which could lead to conflict
  - - - Jesus didn’t fight is arrest or death
      - By working for peace you are obeying the command of jesus to “love thy neighbour”
      - In the sermon on the mount jesus praised the peacemakers, the merciful and said they would be rewarded
    - - Do not worry when you are fighting your enemies
      - An eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth
      - The lord is a warrior
  - - - campaigning and encouraging countries to get rid of nuclear weapons and other lethal weapons
      - training groups around the world in non-violent methods of conflict resolution
      - protesting against wars and violent actions in their own countries
    - - Strengths
        
        They can work to help injured people
        
        If they don’t join war they would be fewer casualties
        
        Over a billion catholic christians in the world so they have influence over 1/7 of the world's population
      - Weaknesses
        
        May not be the most loving thing to do as it can leave others to fight for you
        
        Less people in the war could lead to less chance of winning
  - - - Reconciliation:Bringing together people who were opposed to each other
      - Forgiveness: To stop blaming someone and pardoning them for what they have done wrong
    - - “If you want to be forgiven you must forgive them”
      - “If anyone slaps you on the right cheek turn to them the other cheek also”
- - - - Punishment first the crime e.g killers
      - Deters criminals
      - Provide closure for victims family
      - Protects against terrorists
    - - gives government too much power
      - 8th amendment - You should not use unusual and cruel punishments
      - No evidence that it deters - many murders still happen
      - Costs more due to the appeals process
  - - - Eye for and eye tooth for a tooth - If you kill someone you shall be killed
      - The laws of the realm may punish Christian men with death of heinous and grievous offences - If someone does something very bad then you should be punished by death so you can face god
      - You must purge from Israel, the guilt of shedding innocent blood - You must face god for killing an INNOCENT blood - Thou shall not take a bribe to shed innocent blood
    - - Do not repay anyone evil for evil - Do not kill some even if they have killed
      - Do not take revenge… it is mine to revenge - Don’t punish them as god will punish them in the future
      - Including the murder of others to take their lives as punishment - we should not kill as punishment - Thou shall not murder
- - - - Protecting society from those who may damage it e.g capital punishment
      - Christianity
        
        Support - All life is sacred so we should protect society e.g. take murderers off the streets
        
        Against - locking and throwing away the key is not very loving or forgiving
    - - To put people off committing crimes e.g Having someone hand cut off for stealing
      - Christianity
        
        Support - Put people off doing crimes – stops people committing crimes so more loving for criminal & victim (Jesus taught to love one another)
        
        Against - Harsh punishments that deter are not very loving or forgiving (goes against Jesus’ message) - Christians should not be motivated purely by reward or punishment
    - - Makes criminals pay for the crime in proportion to the severity of the crimes they have e.g Killed those who have been killed and blind those who have blinded someone else
      - Christiantiy
        
        Support - Eye for an eye – allows for harsh punishment e.g. murdered gets the death penalty
        
        Christians should act out of love rather than revenge and this form of punishment is not loving
    - - Criminals should be taught not to commit crimes e.g Teaching someone who has grown up to have anger issue techniques to calm themselves down
      - Chrisitanity
        
        Support - Matches with an example of Jesus’ death and forgiveness for all
        
        Against - Eye for an eye’ – a murderer should have his rights taken away not a light punishment e.g. death penalty
    - - Criminal must pay to the victim there crime e.g Money
      - Christianity
        
        Support - Eye for an eye – the idea of paying back the victim ‘in kind’ e.g. paying back a victim of theft
        
        Against - This idea only really work for
        material goods…how do you ‘pay back’ the murder of a loved one
  - - - Treatment should take into account the reasons behind the crime
      - Just and fair is important
      - God is seen as a judge
      - ‘eye for an eye…’ - They deserve to be punished for their actions
        ‘act justly, love mercy and walk humbly with God’ - All have sinned and no one is perfect
        'Those who has not sinned can cast the first stone'
    - - the Bible has a lot to say about ‘mercy’ – that people can be spared what they ‘deserve’ for the crime or sin committed
      - God is spoken of as being merciful throughout the Old and New Testaments, and Christians see Jesus’ death on the cross as the ultimate example of God’s mercy – that Jesus took the punishment for sin in the place of humankind.
      - "Brothers and sisters, if someone is caught in a sin, you who live by the Spirit should restore that person gently. But watch yourselves, or you also may be tempted." - You should help others but look out for yourselves at the same time
      - Parable of the sheep and the goat - you will be judged in the end
- - - - “be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect" - to avoid not just sinful actions but sinful thoughts. For example, he said that not only should you not murder but you should not even think angry thoughts.
      - 'If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. If we say we have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us.' - It is ok to sin however you must confess your mistakes to God and show remorse for your sins as it is impossible to never sin
    - - Mortal (Cardinal)
        
        A mortal sin is defined as a grave action that is committed in full knowledge of its gravity and with the full consent of the sinner’s will. Such a sin cuts the sinner off from God’s sanctifying grace until it is repented, usually in confession with a priest. E.g breaking one of the ten commandments
        
        A person who dies unrepentant of the commission of mortal sin is believed to descend immediately into hell, where they suffer the separation from God that they chose in life.
      - Venial
        
        less serious action and are committed with less self-awareness of wrongdoing. While a venial sin weakens the sinner’s union with God, it is not a deliberate turning away from him and so does not wholly block the inflow of sanctifying grace.
        
        If goes to God in resentment then no punishment may occur
    - - Crimes (ONLY)
        
        Speeding
        
        Illegal parking
        
        Drugs
      - Sins (ONLY)
        
        lgbt+
        
        Working on Sundays
        
        Believing in a different God
        
        Adultery
      - All sins should be crimes
        
        Sins are against the will of God, and God gave us this Earth and this life
        
        God knows best therefore the legal systems should always abide by these rules e.g omniscient
        
        Many sins are antisocial and should therefore be crimes to - separate families
    - - Street Pastors
        
        Street Pastors is about Christians rolling up their sleeves and getting involved in practically responding to the problems of crime and safety
        
        “Love thy neighbour”
      - Prison Fellowship
        
        Prison Fellowship staff and volunteers run events and programs in correctional facilities across the country, sharing the Gospel and spreading hope to incarcerated men and women.
        
        Prison Fellowship advocates for a more restorative approach to justice that advances proportional punishment, constructive corrections culture, and second chances.
        
        “Made in the image of God”