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BAD BLOOD - Coggle Diagram

- - - - include
        
        Injury
        
        Overuse of the joint
        
        Infection
        
        Flu/Covid-19
    - - include
        
        Arthritis
        
        Lupus
- - - - which results in
        
        formation of sharp, needle-like crystals in the joints
        
        making it looking
        
        red, hot, swollen within hours
  - - - can be due to
        
        ↑ consumption of purines
        
        from
        
        Shellfish
        
        Anchoves
        
        Red meat
        
        Organ meat
        
        ↑ production of purines
        
        from
        
        high-fructose corn syrup beverages
        
        Breakdown of Nucleic acids
        
        ↓ clearance of uric acid
        
        from
        
        Dehydration
  - - - such as
        
        Thiazides
        
        Aspirin
  - - - using
        
        NSAIDs
        
        such as
        
        ibuprofen
        
        Corticosteroids
        
        such as
        
        Oral prednisone
        
        Colchicine
    - - using
        
        Xanthine oxidase inhibitors
        
        such as
        
        Allopurinol
        
        Uricosuric medications
        
        such as
        
        Probenecid
- - - - Characterized by
        
        Increase in the WBCs count
        
        Such as
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Due to
        
        Bacterial infection or high levels of cortisol
        
        Basophils
        
        Due to
        
        CML
        
        Eosinophils
        
        Due to
        
        Allergic reaction or parasitic infection
        
        Monocytes
        
        Due to
        
        Chronic infection
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        Due to
        
        Viral infection
    - - Characterized by
        
        Accumulation of blast cells more than 20% in the bone marrow
      - has four types
        
        ALL
        
        which is
        
        Postive for TdT staining which is a DNA polymerase
        
        Associated with down syndrome
        
        Accumulation of lymphoblast cells more than 20% in the bone marrow
        
        AML
        
        which is
        
        Postive for MPO staning and visualised as auger rods
        
        Accumulation of Myeloblast cells more than 20% in the bone marrow
        
        CLL
        
        include
        
        CLL+ LAD = Small lymphoblastic lymphoma
        
        Complications
        
        such as
        
        hypogamaglobinemia
        
        autoimmune hemolytic anemia
        
        Naive B cells that expresses CD5 and CD20
        
        CML
        
        which is
        
        Characterized by Increase number of Basophils
        
        T( 9,22)
        
        creating Philadelphia chromosome
        
        Different from leukomoid reaction
        
        for example
        
        In CML we have the T(9,22)
        
        In CML Negative for LAP staining
        
        In CML we have basophilia
        
        Neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells
      - include
        
        Epidemiology
        
        divided into
        
        WW
        
        considered as
        
        Most common childhood cancer
        
        10th in number of deaths
        
        13th most common type of cancer
        
        Qatar
        
        considered as
        
        8th place among females
        
        3rd place among males
      - has some clinical features
        
        Fatigue
        
        Bone & joint pain
        
        weight loss
        
        Night sweats
        
        Splenomegaly
        
        Dyspnea
      - is managed by
        
        Pharmacological management
        
        include
        
        targeted therapy
        
        such as
        
        Bosutinib
        
        Dasatinib
        
        ponatinib
        
        Imatinib
        
        Nilotinib
        
        Chemotherapy
        
        such as
        
        daunorubicin
        
        pegaspargase
        
        vincristine
        
        methotrexate
        
        asparaginase
        
        cyclophosphamide
        
        Non-pharmacological management
        
        include
        
        care
        
        such as
        
        cognitive behavioural therapy
        
        nutrition
        
        follow up plan
        
        exercise
        
        supportive care
        
        such as
        
        blood transfusion
        
        bone marrow transplant
        
        platelet concentrate
    - - has many types
        
        Lymphocytic leukemia
        
        is defined as
        
        B-cell tumor that involves the bone marrow and lymph nodes.
        
        can be either
        
        CLL
        
        is diagnosed when
        
        peripheral blood lymphocyte count exceeds 4000 cells/μL
        
        SLL
        
        is diagnosed when
        
        peripheral blood lymphocyte count does not exceed 4000 cells/μL
        
        Hodgkin lymphoma
        
        Such as
        
        Mixed cellularity
        
        Charactarized by
        
        B- cell lymphoma (Reed sternburg cells)
        
        Plasma cell neoplasms
        
        Such as
        
        Multiple myeloma
        
        is when
        
        The cells produce IgG, IgA, or light chains (excreted in urine – Bence jones proteins)
        
        Neoplasm of the plasma cells in the bone marrow causing lytic lesions
        
        1 more item...
        
        Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
        
        Such as
        
        Burkitt lymphoma
        
        which is
        
        Associated with EBV in Africa (mandible and maxilla involvement).
        
        Characterized by starry sky pattern
        
        common in children and young adults
        
        Follicular lymphoma
        
        which is
        
        Slow growing and resistant to chemotherapy
        
        Associated with BCL2 gene which is antiapoptotic
        
        Most common lymphoma
        
        Lymphoblastic leukemia/
        lymphoma
        
        which is
        
        Accumulation of immature, non-functional lymphoblasts (25% or more of the BM cellularity)
        
        Proliferation of immature precursors of lymphocytes in the bone marrow (B/T cells).
        
        Diffuse large cell lymphoma
        
        which is
        
        Associated with EBV and HHV-8
        
        Fast growing with good response to chemotherapy
      - include some risk factors
        
        Age
        
        Family history
        
        Certain infections
        
        Immunodeficiency
        
        Autoimmune disorders
      - include
        
        Epidemiology
        
        divided into
        
        WW
        
        considered as
        
        11th in number of deaths
        
        11th most common type of cancer
        
        Qatar
        
        considered as
        
        6th place among females
        
        4th place among males
      - has some clinical features
        
        Nephrotic syndrome
        
        Fever & night sweats
        
        Lymph nodes enlargement
        
        Muscle weakness
        
        Hepatosplenomegaly
  - - - such as
        
        flow cytometry
        
        immunohistochemistry
    - - such as
        
        Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
        
        Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
    - - such as
        
        CBC
        
        provides
        
        an estimate of your blood concentration of each of the major types of blood cells made by the bone marrow
- - - - differentiate into
        
        Common myeloid progenitor
        
        differentiate into
        
        Mast cell
        
        Erythrocyte
        
        Myeloblast
        
        will give us
        
        Eosinophil
        
        Neutrophil
        
        Monocyte
        
        1 more item...
        
        Basophil
        
        Megakaryocyte
        
        which will give us
        
        Thrombocytes
        
        Common lymphoid progenitor
        
        differentiate into
        
        lymphocyte
        
        divided into
        
        B lymphocyte
        
        1 more item...
        
        T lymphocyte
        
        Natural killer cell