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industrial period medicine - Coggle Diagram
industrial period medicine
germ theory and microbes
continuity with ideas about causes of disease
most people still thought tht miasma caused diease but was ess popular idea than the renaissance
some scientises believed that disease was caused by decaying matter- spontaneous generation
GERM THEORY
1861- louis paster published germ theory =, which showed spontaneous generation was wrong
he proved bacteria in the air cause decay (he discovered this while being asked o discover why liquids tuned sour in the brewery industry, he theorised that germs made people ill but couldn't rove this
ROBERT KOCH- read pastures work and began to study microbes himself, he proved pastures work was right. He discovered TB and cholera in 1883
KOCH developed a new way and easier way of growing bacteria on agar jelly and discovered chemical dyes which= stained bacteria, which made them easier to see under a microscope. Other scientists used this method to identify microbes which caused other diseases
INFLUENCE OF THE GERM THEORY
PASTER little impact on medience to begin with as he was not a doctor and his work focused on food and drink not as much disease. Most doctors still believed in spontaneous generation, but there were some (Joseph lister) who did make links between between microbes and disease
KOCH more impact than pasteurs had, he inspired others to research microbes. However it did take time for doctors and the government to accept the germ theory. Even thouh the real cause of many diseases had been discovered it didnt yet have an impact on their medical treatment.
IMPROVEMENTS IN HOSPITALCARE
Florence nightingale-
She decided to become a nurse after visiting a hospital in Germany when she was 19.
Her parents did not want her to be a nurse.
In 1853 she became the manager of a hospital in London, and made many improvements.
she did however belive that miasma caused disease, so emphasised hygine, fresh air, god supplies and training for her nurses. She improved conditions in hospitals
Her book “Notes on Nursing” (1859) explains how to look after sick people at home and stressed cleanliness of hospitals, design and fresh air
By 1901 hospital wards were clean, death rates low and there were 68,000 trained nurses who all enjoyed a high reputation.
CRIMEAN WAR
In 1853 the Crimean War began – England, France and Turkey were fighting against Russia.
In November 1854, The government asked Florence to take a group of nurses out to the Crimea to help the wounded at Scutari hospital.
At first, the doctors at Scutari did not want the nurses to go near the wounded soldiers. So the women cleaned the hospital instead. Then they organized a kitchen and made tasty soups for them.
The death rate fell from 42% to 2% though the exact cause is unclear.
Soon, the doctors asked Florence and her nurses to help look after the men.
Each night, Florence made her rounds of the hospital with a lamp in her hand. She cared for the soldiers and made them feel better.
Back in England, people heard about "The Lady with the Lamp". She became very famous.
what improvements did she make
She set up a school for nurses in 1859.
She made sanitations in hospital better
Ventilation to make sure patients got fresh clean air to breathe
Food supply - soup
pavillion style hospitals introduced wards to keep infectious people away from eachother
CHANGES IN HOPSITAL CARE
cottage hospitals (small buildings where GPs home treatments
nursers were given a more central role in caring for the sick
specilst hopsitals became a thing
middle and upper class werw able to be treated from home
some werer set up for the poorest for society
ANAESTHETICS AND ANTISEPTICS
ANAESTHETICS TIME;LINE
1844- LAUGHING GAS WAS USED but failed to ease all pain and pople were awake for surgeries
Ether (used from 1846)- made patients totally unconsious however it could make patients cough during surgeries and made peoplesic afterwards. It was also very flammab;e
1847- CHLOROFORM Simpson discovered chloroform and he wrote and gave lectures on it was very effective with not many side effects, however it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people because the effect of it on the heart
1884 Cocaine- was the first local aneasthetic and in 1905 a less addictive verion was used
ANTISEPTICS
JOSEPH LISTER
1861 half the patients were dying of diseases from postoperative infection
1865- soaks bandages in carbolic acid to avoid wounds becoming infected
1866- carbolic acid sprayand to clean surgery equipment
1867 lister states that his wards have been infection free for 9 months of sepsis
IMPACT OF LISTERS WORK
by 1900 operating theatres were thoroughly cleaned using aseptic treatments
OPPOSITION
many people believed that beng unconscienced during surgery made people die the victorians were very religious and believed that god inflicted pain for a reason so it was wrong to interfere with his plan
IMPACT
Surgery became pain free and patients didnt struggle, so surgeons could take more time and be more careful Deeper and more complex surgery was used
PUBLIC HEALTH ACTS
SEcond public health act 1875
city authorities must provide 1. clean water 2. sewers 3. public toilets 4. street lighting 5. pubic parks
before this the government didnt think it was its problem to imporve public healh and prefered a "hands off way of living
during 19th century the attuited began to change due to many epidemics (especially cholera) because evidence was showing these diseases were caused by poor living conditions
First public health act
A general boared of health which was given powers until 1854.
Allowed a local boared to set up if 10% of ratepayers wanted one.
Forced towns to set up a board of health where the deathrate was higher than 23 per 1000
Allowed boards of health to connect houses to sewers to make sure that houses had a clean supply and set rates to make improvements.
Did not apply to scotland or London.
Clean supply- chadwin made people dump waste in the river thames.
JENNER AND VACCINATION
SMALLPOX
he heard a dairy maid say i shall never get smallpox i have had cowpox
1796- sarah nelmes who had fresh copox on her arms caught from a cow named blossom using these he inoculted a small boy called james phipps after a few days of illness he seemed to recover
2 months lare he incolated the boy with smalpox, n diease developed
he later used th cowpox to incolate against small pox
Jenner had inveted the sallpox vaccination
1798 the royal society refues=d to publish his ideas so he paid t have them published
1853 vaccination became compulsery
OPPOSITION - it interfered with gods plan doctors lost moeny when vaccination became free
JOHN SNOW AND CHOLERA
snow was a well respected surgeon and when choera broke out in soho in 1854 where snow lived he mapped all the deaths and found a strong link to one broad street pump
he removed the handle from the pump so people couldnt collect water from it and number of dealths fell
later it was discovered that a cesspit close by was leaking waste into the well
In 1855 snow presented his findings to the government
SIGNIFICANCE OF JOHN SNOWS WORK
many cholera deaths were presents when he stop people using the pump
In longer term- with the great stink john snows work contributed to being a sewage system in place in 1875 with the public health act as well people had to have access to clean water
LIMITATIONS WITH JOHN SNOWS WORK
any didnt believe this theory as he had no scientific evidence. Th germ theory didnt emerge until 1861 so the governemtn didnt act upon John Snows findings
EDWIN CHADWICK
He was a lawyer and a social reformer.
He suggested that every city needed a board of health to sweep the streets and supply clean water.
1848 cholera outbreak and public health act.
He believed in misama this meant he wanted everyone to put there waste in the river thames so it went into there water supplys so they got even more ill.
Was concerned that poor living conditions were linked to poor health.
He showed that people living in cities had a much lower life expectancy than people in the countryside.
1842
Edwin Chadwick releases "Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain"