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theory: specialized translation, genres - Coggle Diagram

- - - - it makes an exception apart from discussions of the scientists, sciences and actual facts. So, in that case is saying it is possible to translate as the writer who has written the text in another language.
        
        The principle of equivalence for men is possible, discussions of the sciences and actual facts.
- - - - . time and purpose are key concept here. And we'll see how purpose, in particular, is the main trait of specialized translation
- - - - The unprecedented expansion in scientific, technical and economic activity on an international scale so that may need one lingua franca, so called one service language.
      - the economic power of the United States after second world war
      - the Oil Crises of the early 1970s which resulted in a massive flow of funds and Western expertise into the oil-rich countries
    - - The major defining feature of LSPs is purpose
    - - a transfer of information among the members of this community, but not to not members.
        So that's why lexicon is so important. Because people within the community, know that lexicon, but all the others don't, so language defines this community of practice. The others are excluded.
    - - – non-arbitrariness
      - – monoreferentiality so one word from one concept
      - – non-ambiguity
      - – productivity
      - – sharedness with the community
      - – artificiality
      - – technicality
      - common greek and latin origins
      - other European words incorporated
      - Lexicon is the outstanding feature in specialized language
        
        in the past it was considered the main feature
        
        recent research has established that also syntactic and textual features undergo variations in ESP, although in lesser proportions
        
        Syntactic and textual features of ESP
        
        – nominalization
        
        – modality
        
        – depersonalization
        
        – synthetization
        
        – cohesion
        
        – hedging
        
        So hedging is a figure about hedging language, so all the verbs, all verbs like appears suggests.
        OK. Or the modal verbs could, may, might, and the adverbs suddenly, usually, conceivably all these words conquer to create a certain scientific structure to text, so not defining sentences, not big statements, but an attempt to arrive to conclusions
- - - - such as scientific texts (testi scientifici, con funzione puramente cognitiva, basati su affermazioni sottoposte a criterio Vero-Falso, descrizione-definizione, scientifiche e formalizzate) so, science then law (testi normativi, funzione prescrittiva basata su una manifestazione di volontà coercitiva regolata da un intero sistema di principi esplicito) laws, decrees, rules etc… Testi tecnico operativi con funzione strumentale-regolativa basata sull’adesione spontanea del destinatario alle istruzioni fornite dall’emittente, not rules but instructions (istruzioni per l’uso). These 3 types of texts are considered highly specialised texts because they are very binding for the translator.
    - - testi espositivi con funzione esplicativa e argomentativa basata sull’intenzione di spiegare a chi non sa. Treaties, manuals, encyclopaedias etc… Testi informativi, con funzione informativa basata sull’intenzione di divulgare
    - - are EXCLUDED from the definition of specialised texts. This are testi d’arte, letterari, con funzione espressiva
  - - - literary translation which is excluded
      - general language translation
      - special language translation
  - - - When new concepts are introduced, the established use encourages practitioners to name them according to custom, i.e. by assigning them a non-arbitrary name, a noun, to be preferred over locutions of other types
      - the desire for clarity and brevity create non prestige and some time we see how these noun-prestige are kept in Italian (they’re kept as they are in Italian, because in the English language itself sometimes gives them prestige) and induces practitioners to construct sentences in ways that keep the nouns as they are to make them stand out and catch the attention of the expert reader
      - Domain-specific languages develop and increase their terminology dramatically as new advances are made in a field
      - sometimes when translating from English into Italian de-nominalization is needed - Other times nominalization is the best choice
      - Nominalization often comes with
        • «empty» verbal forms like be, happen, take place, represent (‘essere’,‘avvenire’, ‘costituire’, ‘svolgere’, ‘rappresentare’)
        • verbs like to cause, to follow, to depend on, to lead to, to result in (‘causare’, ‘derivare’, ‘risultare’, ‘determinare’, ‘dipendere’, ‘essere subordinato a’, ‘provare’) or, in Italian, prepositional phrases like ‘a causa di’
        
        Nominalization in English can be obtained through –ing forms and past participles ex. an increased risk / un aumento del rischio
      - noun clusters (sintagmi nominali complessi) - Strings of juxtaposed noun phrases (also including deverbal and non-deverbal adjectives), and adverbs, which can acquire the status of acronyms or initialisms.
        
        A long but neutral phrase like high-sensitivity C-reactive protein necessarily needs to be broken down into its conceptual logical constituents, in Italian, and the ‘correct’translation proteina C-reattiva ad alta sensibilità manages to add just one word (the preposition ‘ad’) to the phrase, so it avoids explaining the adjective phrase
        
        In English “one tends to lose most of the ideational-semantic information, because all that the nominal group provides is a long string of modifying words” (Halliday 1997, 36). ▶ That information has to be specified in Italian
        
        We have to guess their relationship. we don’t have many clues so we try to understand what that clauses stands for in order to translate it in the best possible way