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The emergence of conflict and the consensus, 1625-1629 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1614 - second "addled" Parliament
      - 1618 - Outbreak of the Thirty Years War
      - 1606 - Oath of Allegiance
      - 1621 - Third Parliament
      - 1605 - Gunpowder Plot
      - 1624 - Fourth Parliament
      - 1604-1610 - First Parliament
      - 1625 - Death of James I
      - 1603 - accession of James I
  - - - however James I and the Bishops shut down this idea.
    - - James originally tolerated any religious differences under his rule but after government made him come down stricter (by withdrawing his money) there was backlash from catholics
        
        there was an attempt by a catholic group to kill the king and his government, replacing them with a catholic monarchy
        
        consequences of the gunpowder plot
        
        catholics removed from government posts
        
        catholics had to affirm a new Oath of Allegiance in 1606
        
        recusancy fines increased (fines for not attending church)
        
        public fear of Catholicism grew stronger
    - - until the outbreak of the Thirty Year War James was relatively successful in managing to have moderates and puritans in the church
        
        his 2nd arch bishop of canterbury George Abbot (who was a firm puritan). However, he came under scrutiny from puritans in 1618 when he worked alongside with James on the Book of Sports which completely contradicted Puritan beliefs.
  - - - responsible for raising and approving legislation and had consent to certain forms of taxation which the king needed to raise money
      - the king was in charge of calling parliament when he wanted and he could temporarily suspend it if he wants too
      - however the english parliament is very different to the one James had mastered in Scotland
      - In England the parliament had a lot more power
    - - lots of them...
        
        large household to pay for
        
        very expensive wars (England were at war when he succeeded the throne)
        
        large debt inherited
      - the "great contract" was suggested which said that it was the monarchs responsibility to raise money for the safe governance, defence and expansion of the kingdom
      - but it failed due to the lack of parliamentary support
  - - - 1613 - marriage of daughter to Fredrick V of the Palatinate
      - 1613-18 + 1622-23 - pursuit of Spanish princess for Charles
      - 1604 - treaty of London (ended war with Spain)
    - - religious war across Europe between protestants and catholics
      - James tried many ways to end this war both with France and Spain by the marriage between Charles + Infanta Maria and even saying he'd turn the church catholic
      - James called Parliament for money but they responded with a petition asking to abandon his wars. James shut down the requests and dissolved parliament
    - - James' attempts at peace through diplomacy had failed and his health deteriorated which gave Buckingham a lot of control
      - Buckingham and Charles led many chaotic expeditions and they settled on a pro French, anti Spanish policy
- - - - was 15 when she married charles
        
        mainly a political marriage to strengthen anti-spanish alliance with france
        
        she was a catholic which raised a lot of concern on her religious intentions with the country
    - - she surrounded herself with catholic nobles and she brought a sense of protection to the 1/5 of the english gentry who remained catholic. She also managed to secretly free many of the arrested priests who were arrested in the early 1630s
    - - with the growth of henrietta maria's political and religious power she massively influenced the court's culture with masques which caused concern from onlookers
        
        many of the courts artwork also consisted catholic iconography
  - - - buckingham gained massive influence through his physical attributes, charm and fluid sexuality
        
        when charles' succeded the throne buckingham had major influence in the inner sanctum and distributed power himself
        
        the court that charles inherited was immoral and corrupted by drunkness + sexual immorality
  - - - large artwork collection
        
        big royal houses
    - - essentially the idea that the monarch was chosen by god and therefore his opposition are seen as challenging god himself
        
        opposition to the divine right
        
        parliament
        
        some members of the house of lords and more in the commons resisted such a view of monarchial power as it removed parliaments independent power
        
        puritans
        
        extreme puritans believed that the king only had earthly power and should therefore not be allowed to appoint bishops and other spiritual leaders
        
        catholics
        
        refused to accept that the pope's authority could be displaced. This is them and the monarchy clashed as they continued to believe the pope was a higher authority than the king
        
        james and charles both responded to the opposition by intensifying their affirmations of divine right
  - - - had a Scottish accent which made him feel uneasy amongst polished Englishmen
        
        didn't come across as particularly intellectual but he was a sensitive and cultured young man
        
        had a passion for the visual arts and had a vast collection
        
        because of his shyness he preferred the company of only a few trusted individuals e.g Buckingham, Archbishop William Laud, Wentworth and his wife Henrietta Maria
        
        thoroughly believed in the Divine right of rule
    - - maintain law and order within his kingdoms
        
        -ensure effective operation of justice system
        
        prevent civil disorder
        
        defend his kingdom from external threats
        
        provide effective religious leadership
        
        ensure financial/economic wellbeing
        
        carefully manage expenditure
        
        efficiently collect income, including taxation
        
        maintain order in the CofE, Scottish Kirk and Irish Church
        
        defend true faith from heresy
        
        conduct effective foreign policy
        
        maintain adequate military strength
        
        promote his kingdoms as strong as efficient
- - - - charles needed about £1million to cover his anti-spanish foreign policy so he asked parliament but they only gave him £140,000 and only one years worth of tonnage and poundage. however, charles saw this as an attack on his own right and continued to collect it after the one year limit
        
        tonnage and poundage was a tax on imports and exports which is calculated per ton of wine or pound of other produce
    - - after inadequate parliamentary funds, charles asked for volunteers to gift him money to fund wars with france and spain
        
        after very few volunteers charles turned this to a demand and any refusal would be seen as an act of opposition
        
        there was lots of refusals to the loan including many from mp's
        
        the archbishop of canterbury, george abbot, was even suspended for not helping charles deal with the people rebeling
      - the five knights case (1627)
        
        charles ordered the imprisonment of 76 gentry and the earl of lincoln who refused to pay
        
        however 5 of the 76 issued a writ of habeas corpus which meant they had to be tried for an offence or released
        
        so charles took them to trial where it shone a spotlight on charles' controversy
  - - - CHURCH OF ENGLAND (all different forms of protestantism)
        
        puritanism
        
        based on the ideas of john calvin
        
        calvinism stated that god decided the path that humans would follow in their early lives (this doctrine is called predestination)
        
        laudianism
        
        based on ideas of arminius
        
        arminianism stated that god allowed each person to make a free choice in their earthly lives so that all could be saved but not all choose too
        
        looks very similar to catholicism which states god has chosen to save everyone but people have free will to not be saved
      - arminianism appealed to charles as their ideas went with his strong belief in the divine right
        
        due to this many arminians were promoted into key church position
        
        puritans ,who were calvinist, hated this
    - - at the request of earl of warwick, buckingham held a religious debate at his london home (york house) between puritans and arminians
        
        buckingham was not a particularly reilgious man but he was under crticism as his mother was catholic and he was linked to many arminian clergymen
        
        the conference was designed to persuade charles away from the anti-calvinist arminians
        
        the king didn't even attend and it was made clear he would not be dissuaded from supporting arminians
        
        the conference ended inconclusively and defined a distinctive arminian grouping in the anglican church
    - - tensions between puritans had arminians had erupted in parliament after parliament had attempted to bring richard montagu (arminian clergyman) to trial because of his religious writings in 1625 and renewed its attack in 1626 and arresting him
  - - - an expedition suggested by charles and buckingham to james that would help the elector frederick who was trying to regain control of the palatinate
        
        it was under the control of count mansfield and the army would join a french force to fight the spanish in the palatinate
        
        it was a disaster as Louis XIII asked for help on their own mission in the spanish netherlands but james refused so the french refused to give the english a safe passage through their territory
        
        the soldiers then became stuck in the united provinces and wasted away through starvation and sickness
        
        this meant parliament struggled to trust charles' foreign policy even before he came to power
    - - an expedition which looked to support frederick again against the spanish
        
        financed by queen elizabeths £120,000 dowry
        
        a fleet set sail to the port in cadiz but they failed to capture it and all the soldiers got hideously drunk on spanish wine
        
        when news of this reached home it was blamed on buckingham as he was lord high admiral
    - - with charles' marriage to henrietta maria relations between england and france were expected to improve but they didn't
        
        Louis XIII's chief minister Cardinal Richelieu was determined to only act in france's interests
        
        charles' marriage was also going wrong too with lots of arguements
        
        when france made a peace treaty with spain it was not looking good for protestant countries
    - - following the awful foreign policy parliament launched impeachment proceedings against buckingham
        
        two key leaders of this were sir john eliot and sir dudley digges (they were both imprisoned after the hearing)
        
        -this ended in the dissolution of the 1626 parliament
    - - an effort to help the huguenots under attack at la rochelle from richelieu's forces
        
        ended after months of deadlock as the english fleets scaling ladders were too short
        
        7833 soldiers went only 2989 returned
        
        all charles' funds had been spent and he had to recall parliament in 1628
- - - - 1628 june - parliament issues petition of right
        
        1628 june - charles prorogues the third parliament
        
        1628 august - laud + montagu elevate to key bishoprics
        
        1628 august - assassination of buckingham
        
        1629 january - recall of third parliament
        
        1629 march - three resolutions
        
        1 more item...
  - - - mp sir john eliot then proceeded to shout out three resolutions, condemning the king and his government
        
        two days later charles dissolved parliament and would not recall it for 11 years
  - - - 1552-1634
        
        we shall never see his like again, praises be to god
        
        straight talking and afraid of no one
        
        challenged prerogative powers
    - - 1584-1654
        
        a man of deep knowledge but very puffed up with self confidence
        
        specialist in english constitutional law
        
        most concerned about arbitrary rule
    - - 1598-1680
        
        holles force and reputations are the two things that give success to all his actions
        
        a boyhood friend of charles
        
        zealous for the right of parliament
    - - 1592-1632
        
        his vivacity was equal to his earnestness, yet never distracted from it
        
        left university without completing a degree
        
        stood up for liberties and ancient rights
    - - 1572-1658
        
        a man of great learning but in debate, inept
        
        moved in brilliant literacy circles
        
        deployed literacy skills to draft speeches and other documents
    - - 1584-1643
        
        he understood the temper and affections of the kingdom as well as any man
        
        prominent puritan
        
        particularly concerned about religious issues
    - - charles recalled parliament in march 1628 and both him and parliament wanted a fresh start in their relationship
        
        charles desperately needed money and for once parliament were cooperative and granted him five subsidies aswell as a grant of tonnage and poundage
        
        in return they expected the king to address their greivances
      - redress of financial grievances
        
        redress of legal grievances
        
        the commons were particularly concerned by two legal developments
        
        martial law which was declared by the king and used to overrule normal legal processes such as trials where sentences could be handed out without appeal
        
        habeas corpus, especially in the five knights case where sir robert heath changed the wording to allow the king to imprison without trial
        
        the commons hoped the king would respond to their concerns on...
        
        extra taxation (T&P and ship money)
        
        billeting (placing of soldiers in local households)
    - - heaths actions angered mp's and they decided to issue the petition of right which was drafted by sir edward coke
  - - - 1) subjects could taxed only by parliamentary consent
        
        2) subjects could be imprisoned only if just cause was demonstrated in court
        
        3) the imposition of billeting on the population was illegal
        
        4) the imposition of martial law on the civilian population was illegal
        
        both the commons and the lords agreed to pass the petition onto charles who accepted it on june 7th 1628 as parliament threatened further proceedings against buckingham and charles was desperate for money
    - - sir john eliot led an attack on buckingham producing a remonstrance condemning his military failures
        
        commons supported subjects who refused to pay tonnage and poundage, drafting another remonstrance
        
        charles prorogued (paused) parliament on 28th june to stop its debates
    - - it was intended to to demonstrate that the king and parliament shared a common understanding of laws
        
        in fact it just made parliament more fearful that charles couldn't be trusted
  - - - on the 23rd august 1628 buckingham was fatally stabbed by john felton, a soldier from the ile de rhe expedition
        
        there was huge public celebration and they had to bury his body the night before his funeral in case of an attack
      - consequences of this
        
        charles blamed parliament as john felton said they inspired him
        
        charles and his wife got a lot closer
        
        charles was shocked by the celebrations
        
        buckinghams role and titles were readressed to people such as thomas wentworth
        
        new opposition (more radical)
        
        1 more item...
    - - charles recalled parliament on 20th january 1629 to address two fundamental issues
        
        tonnage and poundage as the petition wasn't clear on charles' rights on this
        
        religion as during the extended recess between sessions charles had promoted two arminians, montagu and laud to key bishoprics
      - trust was entirely eroded in the sessions as the king influenced the printer of the petition to make the legal status of the petition open to different interpretations
      - this is when black rod went to dissolve parliament but was held down and the three resolutions were shouted
      - the beginning of personal rule
        
        charles dissolved parliament and would not recall it until 1640
        
        he had his eight leading opponents arrested for treason
        
        5 of the mp's pleaded guilty and were released
        
        Holles paid a fine and went into exile
        
        Eliot was sent to the tower of london where he died in 1632