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Chapter 3 : Work Organization and Workplace Innovation. - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 3 : Work Organization and Workplace Innovation.
What is organization?
•An organized group of people with a particular purpose.
For example :
a) Business company
b) government department.
•It is also an entity such as an institution or an association.
High Perfomance Work System
a set of management practices that attempt to create an environment within an organization where the employee has greater involvement and responsibility.
It have become highly important as a source of competitive advantage in competitive business environment.
High-performance work practices:
to improve an organization's capacity to effectively attract, select, hire, develop, and retain high-performing personnel
High-performance culture:
• behaviors and norms that leads an organization to achieve superior results
• setting clear business goals, defining employees' responsibilities, creating a trusting environment, and encouraging employees
• continuously grow and reinvent themselves.
10 Practical ways to promote a high-performance culture
Create private offices for every employee.
Set an open meeting policy.
Establish an open-book management policy.
Communicate a clear mission, vision and goals.
Create an anonymous feedback mechanism.
Give employees some control over their work environments.
incorporate new employees into the team quickly.
Develop objective pay policies.
Avoid creating an employee caste system.
Promote learning and growth at every opportunity.
Types of organizations :
•Corporations - Google
•Governments - MARA
•Non-Government Organizations - Mercy Malaysia
•Political Organizations - Pakatan Harapan
•International Organizations - APPLE
•Armed Forces - Malaysian Army
•Educational Institutions - UITM
Craft vs. Mass production
Craft
Craft production is the process of manufacturing by hand with or without the aid of tools
Example of Craft Production
Fashion
Textiles
Traditional Clothing
Jewelry
Decorative Arts
Traditional Crafts
Papermaking and Papercraft
Printmaking
Woodcraft Toys
Term Craft Production
a manufacturing technique applied in the hobbies of handicraft
need highly skilled workforce such as knowledge of design, machining, and fitting
Mass Production
It is refers to the efficient production of a large number of similar products
also known as flow production or continuous production
apply the principles of specialization, division of labour, and standardization of parts to the manufacture of goods.
A system of manufacturing based on principles such as :
the use of interchangeable parts
large-scale production
the high-volume.
Example of Mass Production
Cars
Chocolates Bar
Electronic Goods
Advantage of Mass Production
Labor costs are often lower for mass-produced
Economically Efficient
Fast Production Rate
Production Accuracy
Disadvantage of Mass Production
Inflexible to consumer demand
Disengaged workforce
Difficult to restructure production
Sociotechnical System
Refers to the interaction between society's complex infrastructure and human behavior
The sociotechnical system (STS) is devoted to the effective blending the technical and social systems of an organization
STS began at the mechanical level (hardware),
evolved an information level (devices + software),
then acquired a human level (IT + human +
computer interaction),
and then community level (STS)
STS focused on the social and technical together rather than technical issue in isolation
The work system design of STS is joint optimization between Social Subsystem, Technical Subsystem and External Subsystem
Two different approach
The socio-technical approach means considers the organization as composed of a social system, technical system and environment.
The contingency or situational approach recognizes that organizational systems are inter-related with their environment
Types of organization structures :
•Functional Organization Structure -
•Divisional Structure Based on Products -
•Matrix Structure Combines (Functional + Divisional) -
•Flat Organization Structure -
Digital Workforce &
Microsourcing
1. Digital Workforce
:
•A variety of robotic and automated
solutions for driving productivity
efficiencies in the workplace.
•It works along with human employees.
2. Digital Workplace
•It uses the recent mobility services and digital technology in order to adapt with people work .
•It can increase engagement and satisfaction of employees.
Concept
•The businesses should use digital transformation to :
a) Align technology, employees and business processed.
b) Improve operational efficiency.
Benefits
•Flexibility
•Collaboration
•Productivity
•Compatibility
•Cost Reduction
Importance
•Able to low the dependence on a physical work location.
•The physical freedom of work can provide important changes in people work.
Capabilities
•Coordinating
•Finding People
•Networking
•Meeting
•Communicating
•Sharing
3. Microsourcing
•The outsourcing is the transfer of the management / day-to-day execution of a business process to an external service provider.
•Microsourcing is the outsourcing provider
of choice for many small and medium
businesses.
Microsourcing also the engagement of one individual to undertake a task more cheaply.
•Crowdsourcing involves acquiring the inputs from people concurrently.
Knowledge Driven Work
A work relies on the ability of individuals to create, obtain and apply knowledge to produce products or services
Knowledge workers receive high salaries that reflect the complex nature of their work
Knowledge workers play an important role in driving success in any organization
Examples of knowledge worker :
Information technologist
physicians
pharmacists
architects
engineers
scientists
Characteristics of Knowledge Work
1. Specialized knowledge of a subject
Have a specialized set of knowledge about a particular subject.
For examples, IT, engineering, medical etc.
Developing and gaining their skills and resources either through formal education or in the workplace.
2. The ability to find and access new information
Employees will need to be familiar with a lot of material to perform their jobs well.
Knowing how to find and access the resources and information they need is a crucial skill to have
3. The ability to utilize new information
Employees must be able to take the information they accessed and use it to solve problems in new and innovative ways.
4. Good communication skills
Able to communicate effectively through both speaking and writing
Can work well in one-on-one and group settings
Are able to collaborate with others to meet company goals.
5. A growth-motivated mindset
Employees must have a growth-motivated mindset.
Interested in learning and applying new information to change the way they work and use their talents.
Skills of knowledge worker
Computing
Customer Service
Leadership
Problem Solving
Communication
Teamwork
Leader Management
Knowledge-driven work lead to knowledge-driven economy
Knowledge economy is an economic system in which the production of goods and services
Knowledge economy involves with jobs that need to be fulfilled in complex societies