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Shanghai, Chinese International Economic, financial, trade, shipping and…

- - - - The rural to urban migration in China represents one of the greatest internal migrations of people in history as rural populations have moved to cities in response to growing labour demand.
      - “Reform and Open Market Policy” initiated at the end of the 1970s is one of the main cause to the rural urban migration in China.
        Between 1958 and 1967 urban Shanghai lost nearly one million residents as a result of net migration, largely owing to the contraction in the scale of economic activity. As a consequence of net outmigration and declining fertility, between 1960 and 1963 the population of urban Shanghai was virtually stationary.
      - According to worldpopulationreview.com, more than 39% of Shanghai's residents are long-term migrants in 2022, a number that has tripled in ten years. Migrants are primarily from Anhui (29%), Jiangsu (16.8%), Henan (8.7%) and Sichuan (7.0%), while almost 80% are from rural areas.
    - - Natural increase is a concept being discusses in demography, referring as the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths recorded over a period
      - In 2020, the natural growth rate of the registered resident population in the Shanghai municipality was minus 3.52 per mille. In the previous year, the growth rate was minus 2.3 per mille.
    - - Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. With almost 90 per cent of its population living in officially defined urban areas within its municipal boundaries, Shanghai has the highest level of urbanization among all large cities in China.
      - In 2020, the rate of urbanization in different provinces of China varied from about 89.3 percent in Shanghai municipality to only 35.7 percent in Tibet. However, urbanization also caused significant environmental impacts. The growth of UHI in Shanghai has been driven by the increase in area of buildings and paved roads, number of operating buses, expansion of population and rapid increase of GDP, as well as the decrease in area of cultivated land.
    - - Gentrification is the reinvestment of capital into inner-city areas, and in particular old residential zones. Different types of gentrification include residential rehabilitation and upgrading, but also commercial redevelopment. Shanghai is currently one of the fastest-growing cities in the world, growing at a rate of 9.5% annually, and serves as an international economic, financial, and trade center. As urban redevelopment has played a significant role in Shanghai’s growth, mostly in the form of demolishing old buildings and building new housings and infrastructure, the process of gentrification brings both positive and negative effects.
      - Example: Xintiandi was once a quiet residential neighborhood located in a rapidly developing inner-city district in Shanghai, China. Between 1999 and 2001, however, the area underwent a massive redevelopment project. The Xintiandi development project, designed by Hong Kong-based company Shui On Land and Shanghai architect Ben Wood, sought to transform the traditional shikumen style housing into a dense, commercialized district while preserving the feel of “Old Shanghai.” The area is now a car-free shopping and entertainment district catering to international businesses, tourists, and expatriates who flock to the modern urban lifestyle of consumption while enjoying the reminders of the culture of old Shanghai. This former residential area is home to a vibrant nightlife, a successful business district, luxury shopping, and high-end restaurants. Despite the economic success of the area, several social impacts still needs to be considered. Firstly, the original families who lived in old, structurally poor houses were displaced by wealthy international residents. With redeveloped areas, less affluent residents can afford the increasing rent or cost of living, also some of the high-rise apartments were designed and sold specifically to ex-pats, therefore leading to a large population displacement, which deprives low-income groups of the convenience of urban life. In addition, housing prices will reach to skyrocket, making the redeveloped area become unreachable for residents who lived there prior. It also jeopardizes old residents’’ socioeconomic status and livelihoods as they are now disconnected from their previous social networks and reduced there. The less access to public facilities and increased time and cost of commuting may potentially result in unemployment of people originally living in the area.