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language change - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Modern English ME Pronunication
      - to toe
      - wife weef
      - mouse moos
      - Schwa : In current English, the schwa is a generic vowel sound we use instead of fully pronouncing the vowel. It’s become more common in everyday speech than it used to be, even in RP. For example, we tend to say ‘uhbout’ rather than ‘a-bout’ and ‘balunce’ rather than ‘balance.
        Consonants have also changed.For example, before the 19th century, -ing was generally pronounced –in, even by the middle and upper classes.’
        
        Ease of articulation : Assimilation : sounds that are adjacent to each other ‘become similar’, with one sound moving towards the other to make pronunciation simpler.eg. ‘ten pounds’ > ‘tem pounds’, ‘handbag’ > ‘hambag’.
        
        pronunciation chnages due to social factors eg upwards conversion in an interview. American English – with its stress on different syllables – has also affected British English pronunciation.Other languages can have an impact on pronunciation eg. in OE the stress was usually on the initial syllable. The French words that became part of the language had a different stress patternThe media can influence pronunciation. The BBC has a Pronunciation Unit which guides broadcasters on how to pronounce words. This is to make sure that the presenters are consistent, but viewers then often copy the pronunciation of unfamiliar or foreign words, and they become seen as the standard pronunciation..
- - - - Introduction of new vocabulary - technology eg. ‘combustion engine’
      - Emergence of educated middle classes taught prescriptive ‘rules’ of English
      - Migration of different dialect/accent groups and creation of new urban dialects/accents (eg. Scouse)
- - - - British Spelling
      - American Spelling
      - colour
      - color
      - behaviour
      - behavior
      - centre
      - center
  - - - In the 18th century, British influence began with the establishment of the East India Company in Calcutta.
        The British gradually assumed control over government, law and education. This led to a division within India between those who saw English as the key to Western knowledge and those who wanted to preserve the local classical languages.
        The 20th century saw independence from Britain in 1947. The current era has seen enormous economic growth based in part on the growth of IT. English continues to be used, and is seen as a symbol of personal identity by many.
  - - - McArthur's "wheel model" has an idealized central variety called "World Standard English," which is best represented by "written international English."
      - The next circle is made of regional standards or standards that are emerging.
      - Finally, the outer layer consists of localized varieties which may have similarities with the regional standards or emerging standards.
- - - - The writer Thomas Wilson in ‘The Arte of Rhetorique’ (1553) referred to ‘straunge ynkehorne termes’ - borrowed words from other languages (particularly Latin and Greek).
        
        The inkhorn was a vessel for carrying ink - it became a symbol of authorial self-importance.
        
        These so-called inkhorn terms were considered by some to be pretentious and artificial.
        
        Others argued that these new terms enabled creativity and greater precision in expression.
  - - - vagueness (‘poverty of conversation’)
      - shortened forms (‘mob’ and disturb’d’)
      - unnecessary polysyllabic words obscuring meaning
      - ‘modish’ words (‘bully’)
  - - - in writing the dictionary, he moved to a desciptivist approch
- - - - Because of the diversity of English regional dialects at this time, and the changing nature of the language, it was difficult for Caxton to choose which words to use in his translations.
        In this book, Caxton tells the story of some merchants from the North of England trying to buy eggs from a woman in the South of England.
        The northerner uses the word egges, derived from Old Norse, but the Southern woman, who uses the word eyren from the Old English, does not understand. A humorous misunderstanding ensues.
        Caxton needed to write in a dialect that would be understood by as many readers as possible, and decided to base his translations on a London dialect aimed at ‘a clerke and a noble gentylman’. Caxton felt his own Kentish dialect was 'broad and rude'; the London dialect was thought to be more refined, and included many words derived from French or Latin.
  - - - correct or incorrect
      - socially acceptable or unacceptable
      - moral or immoral
      - appropriate of inappropriate
      - pleasant or ugly
      - useful or useless
- - - - 1.The pronoun ‘thou’ shouldn’t be used
      - 2.Differentiate between ‘will’ (a promise or threat) or ‘shall’ (to fortell)
      - 3.Differentiate between personal and impersonal relative pronouns (who, which, that)
      - 4.Differentiate between who and whom
      - 5.Put prepositions before nouns
      - 6.Don’t split the infinitive
      - 7.Don’t do multiple negation
- - - - In November 2013, the word "selfie" was announced as being the "word of the year" by the Oxford English Dictionary, which gave the word itself an Australian origin.
- - - - against: Some feel it creates resentment towards the groups it tries to protect, so discrimination is just as likely.
        People feel they’re being restricted, and can’t speak their minds without getting into troubleIt’s pointless because language always changes; words that were once politically correct eventually become less acceptable. For example, ‘Third World’ was replaced by ‘Developing World’, but now ‘Majority World’ or ‘Less Economically Developed Country’ is seen as more politically correct (this is sometimes called the ‘euphemism treadmill’)
        .
      - for: Language helps to shape social attitudes. Changing it sends a clear message about what is acceptable, which encourages people to change their attitudes.acts as a symbol that society is committed to becoming more equal and inclusive.
        It’s often blown out of proportion - people focus on outrageous examples of political correctness (eg. ‘You’re not allowed to say ‘Baa baa black sheep’), when most actually have a reasonable explanation.