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Gender and youth subcultures - Coggle Diagram
Gender and youth subcultures
Subculture:
Social group that exists within a broader mainstream culture and subscribes to different set of values, norms and traditions. Distinct and some times oppositional e.g.
Teddy boys.
Deviant subculture:
social group that exists within mainstream society but subscribes to more deviant, oppositional norms, values and traditions.
Deviant subcultures:
Criminal statistics suggest that youth deviance is performed by males. Out number females with a 5:1 ratio.
Criminal males under more surveillance.
Participate in these subcultures through a marginalised role. Wifeys and baby mommas.
The university of Bedfordshire (2013):
Identified a number of different roles girls take up in gangs.
Gangster girls
Baby mommas
Wifeys
Female family members
Links
Women are involved in spectacular subcultures such as, punks, goths and also rave culture. Women play similar part to males e.g. Vivienne Westwood -
Reddington
(2003).
Punk had an egalitarian ethos, outlet for girls who didn't want to go secretarial college or get married.
Not all female performers were taken seriously by reviewers being referred to as 'punkettes' or judged more harshly on their appearance in comparison to male counter parts.
McRobbie and Garber:
Looked at 'mod girl' who like her male counterpart paid attention to appearance and smartness. Androgynous so females more visible.
'Teeny boopers'
Bedroom culture.
Girls occupied spaces in their room due to societal pressures of family and sexual pressures from boys. Read magazines like, Jackie, did each others makeup and gossiped.
Black ragga girls.
Laidler and Hunt:
(2001)
Interviewed 141 female gang members from San Fran bay area. The "home girls" committed crime and also conformed to typical gender roles. Emphasis on ones' respectability and reputation. When homeboys and lovers are present, the girls are clearly aware of the importance of ‘acting like a woman'.
Thraser:
Researched 1,313 gangs in the US in the 1920s and only found 6 female gangs.
A briefing published by
Public Health England
says women and girls involved with gangs are exposed to violence, and often coercion, at every level.
“Sex is the only weapon that can’t be found in a stop and search,” says youth worker Eva.
A 2017 National crime agency report:
sexual exploitation is a significant risk factor associated with county lines drugs gangs.
Young women have been pimped out to deal with drug offences.
Some girls are groomed, exploited and tricked into the notion that they are in a romantic relationship for county lines drug activity.
The centre for social justice:
(2014) girls are regularly subject to sexual exploitation in gangs.
Subcultures:
Heidensohn:
behaviour of teen girls is more closely watched by parents and society. Due to fears about girls being victims of sexual assault/violence out after dark etc.
Thornton
(1995): girls are less likely to be in spectacular subcultures because:
Lack of disposable income.
Focused in school more.
Social-control.
Riot grrls:
USA. Associated with female punk bands like L7 and Bikini kill.
Sk8er girls:
Canadian all-female subculture. Avril Lavigne.
Holland:
the 1990s saw a dramatic change in how young women behaved. Girls were less restricted and controlled thus spent more time in public spaces. Studied nightlife in Newcastle in 1995. Found:
Women go out more often.
Would feel worse than males if restricted. 'Quite suicidal' was the response of a female student when asked how she would feel if she couldn't go out for 3 months.
Ladettes:
Jackson
(2006) studied 'ladishness' in schools. It was cool to be clever but not revise, smoking, swearing, talking about sexual life. As a result white working-class girls were underachieving.
Anti-school:
Blackman: identified new wave girls. Liked punk & ska. Were recognised due to their unconventional makeup and dress sense i.e. Doc Martens and some Punk fashion. Rejected schools stereotypes of femininity and skived lessons. Academic and did value school however.
Adler: (
1975)
Female liberation due to feminism in the 60s led to an increase in female crime. In the peak rise of feminism robberies went up by 27% in women and only 16% in men.
Feminists:
sociology is
'male stream'
and girls are ignored or marginalised by the theories of youth subcultures.
Male sociologists let bias & beliefs shape research.
Lees:
girls fear attracting a 'bad reputation' and the fear of being unfeminine. Double deviance.
Girl gangs - menace or myth?
Burman
et al. (2000):
Conducted research into violent behaviour among girls in Scotland during late 1990s. Female violence wasn't major issue. No girl gangs & not 1 of the 800 studied were in a gang or knew someone who was.
When published it generated media attention. Some said violence among girls was rising. Taken out of context for sensationalist headlines.
Willis:
researched motorbike subculture and found 'giggly' girls.
Male subcultures:
Winlow:
globalisation has changed the nature of socialisation.
Willis
:
learning to labour.
O'Donnell and Sharpe
(2000) predicted the disappearance of this 'cockshore' attitude towards unemployment.
Mac an Ghail:
macho lads
. 3fs. Saw school as useless. Parnell school.
Archer and Yamashita:
inner-city London boys tied to 'bad boy' image.
Messerschmidt:
hegemonic masculinity.
Faludi:
(1999) males being deviant isn't deviant at all, but an expression of qualities we 'admire' in men.
Connell:
normative masculinity is achieved. Rejects psychological and biological explanations of violence as 'bed time' stories.
Harding:
(2014) masculinity is made or accomplished depending on the social field a young male finds himself in.
Campbell
(1993) the abandonment of certain communities means the state has unleashed the most extreme form of masculinity. Violence and anti-social behaviour have become the means to expressing masculinity.
Learning to labour:
Willis.
more:
Ruffians
Hoodies
Yobs
Nagro:
(2003)
Researched hiphop movement and pointed out the feelings of belonging to a family, social commitment, of being ones self/ethnicity or enjoying hiphop as central elements experienced collectively.
Girls use their social skills to carve out important roles as 'fixers' hiding drugs/guns.
Harding.
Social skills = street capital essential to survival.
Spectacular subcultures:
CCCS
Skinheads:
Clarke
. Manual workers clothes: rolled-up jeans, braces and big boots often with steel toe caps.
Cohen.
Mods:
Hebdige
.More affluent working-class. Cool and smart too with their Italian suits and scooters.
Teddy boys:
Tony Jefferson.
Bright Edwardian style jackets. Suede shoes and bootlace ties.
Statistics:
In 2019 74% of individuals dealt with by the criminal justice system were male.
In June 2019 5% of prison population were female.
Home office data shows that young men ages 10-17 were responsible for 20% of all police-recorded crime in 2009/10.
Official crime data suggests that the peak age for offending in females is 15 in comparison to 18 in males.
Criminal statistics show that crime is overwhelmingly committed by males. 5:1 ratio.
In 2013 95% of young people in youth detention centres were males.
In the year ending March 2021: 15,751 children cautioned or sentenced. 82% 15-17 and 87% boys. Youth justice board for England and Wales.
Research:
Studies of youths in gangs show a significant involvement of girls.
Klein:
(1995) suggests female gang members commit equally violent acts as their male counterparts.
Pearce and Pitts
(2011) estimated that 12,500 young women and girls have close involvement in gangs.
Theoretical explanations:
Chivalry thesis:
male dominated criminal justice system has paternalistic and indulgent attitude to women. This may lead to more women being let off with cautions and warnings.
Sex-role theory:
nuclear family.
Parsons
. Different socialisation (
Sutherland
, 1949)
Pollack:
The masked offender.
Women due to their physiology more likely to commit certain crimes. Biologically more devious. Use home professions i.e. maids to hide criminality. Manipulate males to do crimes for them.