Rogers and Kesner demonstrate that animal models when examining neurotransmitters are not of value. For example, the behaviours are comparable, not identical. The memory formation of the rats was motivated due to getting food for survival, this is different to the formation of memory and the behaviour associated with it. There is also an anatomical difference between the human and rats that simply limit animals to being analogous to humans, which is the levels of acetylcholine in the brain. This is important because, if there are different levels of acetylcholine, there would be a difference in the formation of visuo-spatial memory, which would change the findings of the experiment. Therefore, animal models are not of value when examining the brain and behaviour.