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Bal, M. 2017. Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative -…
Bal, M. 2017.
Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative
Chapter 2 - Story: Aspects
Section 2: Temporality
Micro-time, monumental time
Time represented by clocks (Big Ben), regimentation, schedules, routines
Historical time = post-WW1
Day-ro-day passage of events
Section 5: Frequency
Frequency
Repetition
No two events are exactly the same
Events are paradoxical in nature
Events take place once but are presented many times throughout text
Iterative
Identical events take place and are presented in one go
External/Internal iteration
Often
The events takes place more than once
Section 3: Sequential Ordering
Definition
Anachronies = deviations from chronology
Double linearity within the novel (past and present)
Order of events vs chronological order (tome jump, flashbacks, etc throughout the day)
Direction
Retroversion = flashback
Anticipation = flashforward
Anachrony can be either past or present
Nuances of Anachrony
Subjective consciousness vs objective consciousness
Fragmentation, visual perception
Chronological deviances do not take place in any particular order
Distance
External retroversion = retroversion (flashback) takes place outside of the original fabula of story
Internal retroversion = retroversion (flashback) takes place within original fabula of story
These both work to establish a primary storyline
Functions
External retroversion (flashbacks) serve to provide past of the characters
Internal retroversion (flashforward) serve to compensate for the holes in the story by overlapping with the present narrative
Anachrony
Deviation in chronology
Lack of information makes it impossible to properly analyse
Anticipation in retroversion and vice versa
Anticipations
False allusions to the course of the fabula
Allusions lead to anxiety about upcoming events
Woolf's hints result in tension, anxiety, suspense etc
Section 8: Focalisation
Focalisation = relationship between vision, the person seeing, and what is seen
Focalised objects manipulate the way in which reader perceives story
Subject of focalisation is known as focaliser, which is the point to which the elements of the story are viewed
Unreliable memory due to trauma or secondary sources
Suspense brought on by some questions taking longer to be answered than others
Section 7: Space
Perceived
Proximity, perspective, presentation
Frame = the space in which the character is placed
Content and Function
General vs specific
Familiar vs unfamiliar
foreground vs background
Steady space = fixed frame
Th action characters take is indicative of their space, while the spaces they are in will influence their attitudes
Chapter 5 - Fabula: Elements
Section 4: Time
Duration of novel is dependent on the particular type of fabula
Crisis takes place in a shorter span of time
The difference between a fabula and a story is the logical sequence of time
Chronology: interruption and parallelism
Parallels lead to difficulty in establishing one particular timeline
Section 5: Location
Where events take place, how readers envision the scene
Inside vs outside
Moral or physical spatial oppositions ( opposing beliefs, opposing territories)
City vs country