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Ethnic Differences in Achievement
The picture is complex but the crude…
Ethnic Differences in Achievement
The picture is complex but the crude picture is that Indian and Chinese (Asian) students achieve highly, black boys in the middle, and working class white boys underachieving
Internal factors
Labelling
Gilbourn and Youdell (2000) found that teachers were quicker to discipline black children than others for the same behaviour due to 'racialised expectations'
- stereotype of black pupils as disruptive and aggressive meant teachers labelled them as such and treated them accordingly
- black pupils felt teachers negatively labelled and picked on them
Margaret Fuller studied a group of black girls doing GCSEs and found they felt labelled by their teachers, however they rejected their label and went onto academic success
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External factors
Cultural deprivation
Language
Bereiter and Engelmann argue that language used in low income Black American households in deficient and not conducive to educational success
Evaluation: Gilbourn and Mirza (2000) argue that Indian students do well at school in spite of English not always being spoken at home
Attitudes and Values
Driver and Ballard (1981) argue Asian family structured are educationally beneficial as Asian values are conducive to academic success (eg always doing work on time, strict punctuality)
Ruth Lupton (2004) studied 4 schools and argues that adult authority in Asian families is similar to teacher authority in schools
- ethnic minority parents see education as a 'way up' in society whereas white working class parents are less supportive
New Right thinkers like Murray argue that lone parenthood and lack of male role models leads to underachievement of ethnic minorities
Sewel argues that lack of male role models is not the issue, but rather lack of 'tough love'
- lower expectations so lower motivation
- seeking role models in gang culture which values are not conducive to educational success
Evaluation:
Keddie argues that this is a victim blaming explanation and that ethnic minority pupils (black pupils) are not culturally deprived, but rather have a different culture
Compensatory education policies like Operation Head Start and Generating Genius are an attempt to impose dominant white culture on ethnic minorities - instead we should implement multicultural education and anti-racist education
Material deprivation
Moynihan (1965) argues that many black families female-headed lone-parent families are not financially stable without a male breadwinner; children also lack male role model
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Rex argues that racism in wider society can force ethnic minorities into poverty - leads onto Tanner and Howard
Flaherty (2004) found that 15% ethnic minority households live in poverty compared with 2% white households and that unemployed and x3 times higher
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