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Porn Paper: Background, Porn Paper: Analysis, Porn Paper: Literature…

- - - - FRom the article
        For example, some note that nearly 30,000 users watch pornography every second on the internet (CNBC 2009; Ropelato 2014) and that porn sites receive more visitors than Netflix, Amazon, and Twitter combined (Huffington Post 2013; Negash et al. 2016). More conservative estimates suggest that pornography-related internet searches account for about 13% of worldwide internet traffic (Ogas and Gaddam 2012).
      - One weakness in this research is that its hard to guage the number of people who watch porn due to the polarity in estimates in the research. Although it can be assumed that pornography consumption is common and has increased in consumption in the recent years.
        
        From the article
        Although it is difficult to estimate with precision trends in pornography consumption, one can confidently conclude that pornography consumption is common, and its use has increased in recent years (e.g., Ogas and Gaddam 2012; Price et al. 2016; Wright 2013).
      - High usage in young people
        
        From the article
        Pornography consumption does not appear to be isolated to a small subset of society. Recent research examining pornography consumption suggests that at a minimum 27% of Americans between the ages of 18 and 89 have viewed pornography (Wright et al. 2014) and the rate of consumption is likely considerably higher for young adults. Carroll et al. (2008) report that 87% of young-adult males and 31% of young-adult females disclose some degree of pornography consumption. The high consumption of pornography and the rate of increase in its use have spurred significant academic interest, with many studies finding deleterious effects from viewing pornography.Footnote7
        
        Over the last 25 years the internet has increased access, affordability and anonymyty (triple A engine)
        
        Pornography is a broad term that encompasses many different facets. Because of its broad nature, we follow Negash et al. (2016) and define pornography as viewing any sexually explicit material.Footnote6 Over the last 25 years, the internet has increased access, affordability, and anonymity of pornography (Cooper et al. 2000). Psychologist term these vicissitudes the “triple-A” engine and note that they are the driving forces behind changes in pornography consumption because people can now access pornography from home or work, with anonymity, and at low (or no) cost (e.g., Cooper 1998; Cooper and Griffin-Shelley 2002). Not surprisingly, the consumption of pornographic materials has increased and is increasing successively with each new birth generation (Price et al. 2016; Wright 2013).
    - - Pornography is a broad term that encompasses many different facets. Because of its broad nature, we follow Negash et al. (2016) and define pornography as viewing any sexually explicit material.Footnote6 Over the last 25 years, the internet has increased access, affordability, and anonymity of pornography (Cooper et al. 2000). Psychologist term these vicissitudes the “triple-A” engine and note that they are the driving forces behind changes in pornography consumption because people can now access pornography from home or work, with anonymity, and at low (or no) cost (e.g., Cooper 1998; Cooper and Griffin-Shelley 2002). Not surprisingly, the consumption of pornographic materials has increased and is increasing successively with each new birth generation (Price et al. 2016; Wright 2013).
    - - Porn increases the incidence of sexual harassment in the workplace
        
        From the journal
        Second, because pornography consumption causes dehumanization of others, the incidence of sexual harassment or hostile work environments is likely to increase with increases in employee pornography consumption.
      - This journal confirms that consuming pornography causes individuals to be less ethical due to the increased moral disengagement that comes from the dehumanization of others due to watching pornography.
        Since unethical employee behavior is linked to numerous negative consequences that reduce the overall wellbeing of society and the freedom of the markets - fraud, collusion, price-gouging, and other self-serving behaviors, it can be said that consuming porn is a net negative for society.
        
        Mention heath here, and how he states that markets that are not virtuous when they are not perfectly competitive. Since porn results in self selving behaviors, even among key business executives, it can contribute to them making self serving decisions like withholding technology or trying to collude with another firm to gouge prices.
        
        From the journal
        During the past 5 years, the SEC OIG (Office of Inspector General) substantiated that 33 SEC employees and or contractors violated Commission rules and policies, as well as the government-wide Standards of Ethical Conduct, by viewing pornographic, sexually explicit or sexually suggestive images using government computer resources and official time (CNN 2010).
        
        SOLUTION TO PORN IN WORKPLACE AND INSTITUTIONS
        Given the negative effects of pornography consumption we find in this study, what should business leaders do? While this study does not provide evidence-based suggestions, we highlight several possible actions and encourage future researchers to provide evidence-based suggestions. Companies could implement both preventive and detective controls to improve this issue (Christ et al. 2012, 2016). Preventive controls could include such things as internet filters and blocking devices to prevent individuals from accessing pornographic materials on company machines or over company Wi-Fi. This reduces access, but does not eliminate access as employees could still use personal cell phones to access pornography. Companies could implement policies that prohibit pornography consumption at work, and then with detective controls could enforce training requirements or penalties if employees are found violating these policies. Finally, companies could look to hire employees who are less likely to view pornography than others.
        
        I can also add that using nudges will be much more effective for reducing porn consumption. Like on the website blocker include a sentence that shows an example of one negative effect of using porn.
      - Porn use contributes to delay discounting, which is impatient, impulsive, short sighted behavior that prioritizes short term wins over long term wins despite the risks in doing so.
        
        Individuals who have high discount rates are described as “impatient, impulsive, short-sighted, or lacking in self-control” (Fawcett et al. 2012, p. 128). Higher levels of delay discounting are associated with behaviors such as addictions, impulsive decision making, substance abuse, risky sexual behavior, obesity, internet addiction, criminal behavior and excessive gambling (Buzzell et al. 2006; Chesson et al. 2006; Crean et al. 2000; Davis et al. 2010; Dixon et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2017; MacKillop 2013; Romer et al. 2010; Saville et al. 2010). That is, delay discounting is a strong predictor of short-sighted behavior including unethical behavior.
        
        Example of this in the text:
        
        ACcountants are much more likely to fudge numbers
        Increases in employees’ propensity to more heavily discount future outcomes relative to short-term benefits have the potential to influence numerous unethical decisions made by employees. For example, accountants decide about “massaging” the financial statement numbers to look good immediately, often to gain higher bonuses or increase the value of their equity-based compensation, at the expense of longer-term firm value (Bergstresser and Philippon 2006; Cohen et al. 2008; Graham et al. 2005; Holderness et al. 2018).
        Managers are much more likely to only focus on short term rewards (insider trading, disregarding environmental regulations) rather than the less costly, more rewarding long term rewards (not getting destroyed in the court of law from insider trading, not getting subject to more regulation from the government from breaking environmental regulation)
        Managers often must weigh the long-term benefits associated with complying with costly environmental regulations against the short-term payoff to non-compliance. Similarly, managers may gain short-term rewards from insider trading that impose long-term cost on the manager (and even the firm). As such, increases in delay discounting from employee consumption of pornography could negatively influence numerous organizational decisions.
        Otherwise ethical consumers now engaging in petty theft and shoplifting
        Likewise, higher discount rates and impulsivity may lead to unethical customer behavior such as shoplifting.
        
        Fig 2 shows the proof o a link between pornography use and inappropriately returning merchandise
        
        Fig 3 shows that people who watched porn are more likely to lie about the work they performed much more than non-porn watchers
        
        Table 2 shows that 21% of participants who were asked to recall viewing pornography did not watch the video and lied about the work they performed compared to only 8% of participants who recalled a non-pornographic event.
        
        When comparing possible mediators across conditions, we observe that only dehumanization is statistically significant across the two conditions (see Fig. 3 and Table 2).Footnote21 That is, the group that recalled pornography was more likely to dehumanize others than the group that did not recall pornography. The group that recalled pornography did not experience more delay discounting.Footnote22
        
        Fig 1 explains this with much more clarity