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LINGUISTICS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Chomsky suggests that all human languages share many of the same common grammar principles
        
        Universal Grammar is a set of unconscious constraints that let us decide whether a sentence is correctly formed.
        
        This mental grammar is not necessarily the same for all languages
        
        But the process by which, in any given language certain sentences are perceived as correct or incorrect, is universal and independent of meaning
    - - Nativist believe that children are born with the ability to organize and comprehend the fundamental laws and structures of language
        
        Children are wired to learn a language
        
        Chomsky suggested that human brain must have evolved to contain certain linguistic information from birth
        
        which help children figure out basic structures of language
        
        The basic concepts of language are innate and are influenced by language environments
        
        Children predisposition to learn language is triggered when they hear speech, and their brains begin to interpret what is heard based on underlying structures and principles it already knows
        
        this innate ability is due to two things: The LAD and Universal Grammar
    - - Hypothetical "tool" in the brain that contains specific knowledge about language and grammar
        
        It help to explain how children are able to comprehend the basic structures of language from a young age.
        
        It is triggered once children hear speech
        
        This part of the brain is a uniquely human trait and cannot be found in other animals
        
        that's why only humans can communicate through language
    - - Linguistic Competence
        
        The ability of the idealized speaker-hearer to associate sounds and meanings strictly following the rules of his language
        
        Involves "knowing" the language
        
        It is very difficult to assess competence without assessing performance
      - Linguistic Performance
        
        The ability to apply the competence into speaking
        
        Involves "doing" something with the language
  - - - Human ability for language is innate
      - Human language is based on a set of logical rules
        
        allow speakers to produce novel sentences that can be understood by othes who speak the same language
- - - - Individual Speaking: the individual use that each person makes about their language. It is individual
      - Speech:The ability that humans have in order to communicate, to express ideas, thoughts and beliefs. It is universal
      - Language: System of signs that people use to communicate within a group. It is social
    - - The linguistic unit. It is a double entity, formed by the association of two terms, which are psichologycal.
        
        It unites a concept and a sound-image, and the combination of both is a sign.
        
        The word sign designates the whole and we replace concept and sound-image with signified and signifier
        
        Signified and Signifier indicate the opposition that separates them from each other and from the whole of which they are part.
    - - The relation between the sound or shape of a spoken or written word and its meaning is arbitrary and conventional.
    - - It doesn't come from its intrinsic signification, and it cannot be determined by the sound image alone.
        
        The value of a sign grows in relation to its external environment within the language system, by the other linguistics signs.
        
        Linguistics signs can gain value in two distinct ways
        
        Conceptually: Linguistic meanings don't exist in a vacuum, they aren't independent. They are dependent on other linguistic signs within their language system to determine what they are. The idea or concept that the sign express can be understood by what it is not-by its differences to other linguistic signs.
        
        Materially: From the material value of the sound-image. The "signifier" is defined by its differences from other sound images in the language system. Since we distinguish the sounds in a word by their distinct differences to other sounds in the string, we also differenciate words from each other by its unique sounds. Its phonic differences enable us to distinguish them from other sound images.
    - - Syntagmatic Relation
        
        Defines the relation between words that co-occur in the same sentence. It focuses on how the position and the word order affect the meaning of a sentence.
        
        Word's ability to combine with other words. The horizontal axis or linear aspect of the sentence
      - Paradigmatic Relation
        
        Refers to the relationship between words that can be substituted within the same word class.
        
        Words that can be substituted within the same word class. The vertical axis of the sentence.
    - - Different and complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis
        
        Synchronic approach considers a language at a moment in time without taking its history into account. It describes language at a specific point in time, usually the present time.
        
        Diachronic approach considers the development and evolution of language through history.