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Miscellaneous eye conditions - Coggle Diagram
Miscellaneous eye conditions
Strabismus (crossed eyes)
Definition
Disorder in which the eyes don't look in exactly the same direction at the same time.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology. The extraocular muscles control the position of the eyes. Thus, a problem with the muscles or the nerves controlling them can cause paralytic strabismus. The extraocular muscles are controlled by cranial nerves III, IV, and VI.
Causes
Stroke
the nerves that control eye movement, and the eye muscles.
Head injuries, which can damage the area of the brain responsible for control of eye movement,
Neurological (nervous system) problems.
Graves' disease (overproduction of thyroid hormone)
Symptoms
Eyes that don't look in the same direction at the same tim
Squinting or closing one eye in bright sunlight
Tilting or turning the head to look at an object
Bumping into things. (Strabismus limits depth perception.)
Nursing interventions
Prevent injury. Thoroughly conform patient to surroundings; put call light within reach and teach how to call for assistance;
Patch therapy and vision therapy. In patch therapy, the stronger eye is covered with a patch, forcing the weaker eye to function at a higher level;
Enforce the caregiver’s knowledge. Observe and note existing misconceptions regarding material to be taught; acknowledge racial/ethnic differences at the onset of care;
Eye allergies
Definition
Eye allergies, also called “allergic conjunctivitis,” are a common eye condition. The tissue that lines the inside of the eyelid and outside of the eyeball is called the conjunctiva. This tissue keeps your eyelid and eyeball moist. Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when this tissue becomes inflamed.
Pathophysiology
Allergic eye disorder is an peculiar immune hypersensitivity response to allergens. It is characterised with the aid of IgE-mediated and/or T-lymphocyte-mediated immune hypersensitivity reactions that lead to an immune response, resulting in the scientific manifestations of ocular allergy.
Causes
Pollen from grasses, weeds, and trees. These are the most common kinds of eye allergies and are called seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.
Dust, pet dander, and other indoor allergens. These eye allergies last year-round and are called chronic (perennial) conjunctivitis.
Make up, perfume, or other chemicals can trigger eye allergies called contact conjunctivitis.
An allergy to contact lenses, called giant papillary conjunctivitis, can cause bumps on the inside of your eyelid, making your eyes sensitive and red both with and without wearing your contact lenses.
Signs & symptoms
Red, irritated eyes
Itchiness
Tearing or runny eyes
Swollen eyelids
Soreness, burning or pain
Sensitivity to light
Nursing interventions
Some of the same medicines you use for nasal allergies work for eye allergies. For quick relief, over-the-counter eye drops and pills can help.
Educate patient on the disease
Apply cool compress
Administer medications as prescribed
Encourage hand washing
Use artificial tears if the eye is irritated
Wear sunglasses when going out
Retinal detachment
Definition
retinal detachment is a serious eye condition that occurs when the retina (the layer of tissue with light-sensitive cells lining the back of your eye) separates from the other layers and underlying structures at the back of your eye (such as the retinal pigment epithelium,
the layer of pigmented cells at the retina), which may cause blindness
Pathophysiology
retinal detachment occurs when the forces of adhesion between the NSR and the RPE are overwhelmed. This can occur by different mechanisms. Regardless of the mechanism, all types of retinal detachment have one characteristic in common, the accumulation of subretinal fluid.
Causes
Symptoms
Experiencing flashing lights (or ‘seeing stars’) abruptly
Experiencing blurry vision
Perceiving many new floaters (that look like small dots, circles, cobwebs, lines and specks) in your field of vision
Noticing a shadow surfacing in your peripheral (side) vision
Noticing a gray curtain enveloping part of your field of vision
Nursing interventions
Keep the patient NPO (absolutely no solid foods or fluids) in anticipation of retinal surgery
Avoid any pressure on the globe and to limit activity to a minimum until further evaluation
In cases of associated trauma, protect the globe with metallic eye shield
Administration of antibiotics and eye drops as prescribed
Uveitis
An inflammation of the middle layer of the eye (uvea).
Pathophysiology
Uveitis is narrow-defined inflammation of the uvea, also clinically include all inflammatory conditions in the eye. Uveitis may occur as a consequence of various causes and background, such as autoimmune diseases, infections, and hematopoietic malignancy.
Causes
An infection, such as cat-scratch disease, herpes zoster, syphilis, toxoplasmosis or tuberculosis
Eye injury or surgery
An autoimmune or inflammatory disorder that affects other parts of the body, such as sarcoidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus or Crohn's disease
Medication side effect
Very rarely, a cancer that affects the eye, such as lymphoma
Signs and symptoms
Eye redness
Eye pain
Light sensitivity
Blurred vision
Dark, floating spots in your field of vision (floaters)
Decreased vision
Nursing interventions
Observe for signs of infection
Encourage wearing of sunglasses if the patient get hurt by sunlight
Instillation of eye drops as prescribed
Blepharitis
Definition
Inflammation of the eyelid
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of blepharitis often entails bacterial colonization of the eyelids. This consequences in direct microbial invasion of tissues, immune system–mediated damage, or harm precipitated by means of the production of bacterial toxins, waste products, and enzymes
Causes
Excess bacteria
A blocked oil gland on your eyelid.
Hormone problems
Allergies
Infection with a virus
Skin conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, and eczema.
Tiny insects called mites.
Signs & symptoms
Feeling like some thing is in your eye
burning feeling in your eye
Sensitivity to light
Blurry vision
Dry eyes
Red eyes
Crusty eyelashes when you wake up in the morning
Nursing interventions
Warm compresses can help soften crust and loosen oily debris
Antibiotics either as an ointment, drops, or a spray for your eyes, or as pills that you swallow
Corneal ulcer
Definition
condition in which inflammation of the outermost layer of the eye results in pain.
Pathophysiology
Bacterial corneal ulcers may additionally follow a spoil in the corneal epithelium, thereby imparting an entry for bacteria. The disturbing episode can also be minor, such as a minute abrasion from a small foreign body, or may also result from such motives as tear insufficiency, malnutrition, or contact lens use.
Signs and symptoms
Redness
Severe eye pain
The feeling that something is in your eye
Tears
Pus or thick discharge from your eye
Blurry vision
Causes
Bacterial infections. These are frequent in contact lens wearers, especially in people the usage of extended-wear lenses.
Viral infections. The virus that causes cold sores (the herpes simplex virus) may also reason routine attacks. These assaults are brought about by means of stress, an impaired immune system, or exposure to sunlight. Also, the virus that reasons chicken pox and shingles (the varicella virus) can motive corneal ulcers.
Fungal infections. Improper use of contact lenses or steroid eye drops can lead to fungal infections, which in turn can cause corneal ulcers. Also, a corneal harm that consequences in plant fabric getting into the eye can lead to fungal keratitis.
Parasitic (Acanthamoeba) infections. Acanthamoeba are microscopic, single-celled amoeba that can motive human infection. They are the most common amoebae in sparkling water and soil. When Acanthamoeba enters the eye it can motive a horrific infection, mainly for contact lens users.
Nursing interventions
Limit the spread of infection by encouraging the washing your hands often and drying them with a clean towel.
Tell patients not to rub the affected eye
Use sterile saline to rinse away any mucus or lubricant ointment