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Nervous System, Spinal Cord, Nervous System, Forebrain, Nervous System,…
Nervous System
Cell Types
Neurons
information
process
transmit
receive
Parts
An axon
much longer
conducts action potentials
to synaptic terminals
from the cell body
A cell body
processes signals from the dendrites
most of neurons organelles presents here
Synaptic terminals
transmit signals to other cells
synapse
a neuron communicates with another cell
Dendrites
highly branched extensions
receive signals from receptors
a large surface area
for receiving signals
Glia Cells
provides nutrients
regulates the composition of extracellular fluid
speeds up
movement of electrical signals
Ependymal cells
promotes circulation of
cerebrospinal fluid
Microglia
protect the nervous system
from microorganisms
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
form the myelin sheaths
Astrocytes
induce the formation of
blood-brain barrier
Radial glia
plays a role
in the embryonic development
Sensory neuron
starts with a sensory receptor
message travels towards CNS
long dendrite,short axon
Association neuron
smallest
only found in brain and spinal cord
both long and short axons and dendrities
Motor neuron
connected to an effector
short dendrite,long axon
cell body is inside CNS
Myelinated neurons
found in brain and spinal cord
speed of impulse 120m/sec
specialized glial cells known as Schwann cells
Unmyelinated neurons
found in autonom nerves
the speed of impulse is 12m/sec
Produce and transmit information
Depolarization
the polarity of the membrane is reversed
outside becomes negative
inside becomes positive
occurs
if gated Na+ channels open
Na+ diffudes into the cell
threshold level
a minimum amount of stimulus
below threshold level
cell does not responde
All or None Response
Polarization(resting potential)
cell has polarity
not equal charged ions
membrane potential
every cell has voltage
formation of resting potential
An unstimulated,resting neuron
the concentration of K+ is greater inside
the concentration of Na+ is greater outside
Action Potentials
Na+ channels open,allows Na+ to diffuse into cell
massive change in membrane voltage
Repolarization
return to the resting potentials
polarity of membrane
returns to original state
Spinal Cord
Gray matter
a butterfly shaped area
consists of the cell bodies of motor neurons
interneurons that communicate with the brain
surrounded by white matter
White matter
contains myelin-coated axons of neurons
carries sensory signals from internal organs
Dorsal part
sensory neurons emerge
Ventral part
motor neurons emerge
Both has spinal nerves
Reflex arc.
controls many reflexes
conducts information
a neural pathwat that controls an action reflex
Autonomic reflex arc
Somatic reflex arc
Nervous System
Impulse conduction speed
The diameter of axon increases
speed also increases
greater impulse transmission rate
myelinated neurons
ranvier node number
conduction is slower
Factors affect number of impulses
the strength of the stimulus
Frequency of the stimulus
Duration of the stimulus
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
the skulls surrounds the brain
Spinal Cord
a chain of vertebrae protect
triple connective tissue layer of meninges
between the meninges layers
cerebrospinal fluid
filtered from the blood
Dura-mater
outermost layer
Arachnoid mater
connects dura mater-pia mater
Pia mater
innermost layer
both has
White matter
bundles of myelinated axons
Gray matter
cell bodies,dendrities and unmyelinated axons
Peripheral Nervous System
Motor neurons
Somatic Nervous System
voluntary movement
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division
fight or flight response
Parasympathetic Division
rest and digest
Sensory neurons
Cerebro Spinal Fluid
protects mechanical damage
balance of ion concentrattion
nutrient and oxygen supports via blood
Forebrain
The cerebrum
Right cerebral hemisphere
pattern recognition
nonverbal thinking
musical skills
Left cerebral hemisphere
language
math
logic
Cerebral Cortex(thin outer layer)
Parietal lobe
assist in sensory processes
Occipital lobe
processes visual information
Frontal lobe
assist in motor control
Temporal lobe
assist in auditory perception
Corpus Callosum
provides communucation between the hemispheres
Epithalamus
includes the pineal gland
generates cerebrospinal fluid
Thalamus
relays centers of the brain
it relays messages between spinal cord and cerebrum
Hypothalamus
regulates basic survival behaviors
feeding
fighting
fleeing
reproduction
The pituitary gland
regulates circadian rhythms
Nervous System
Forebrain
Telencephalon
Cerebrum
cerebral cortex
white matter
basal nuclei
Diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
Midbrain
Mesencephalon
midbrain part of brainstem
Hindbrain
Metencephalon
medulla oblangata
Myelencephalon
cerebellum
pons
Hindbrain
Pons
regulates breathing centers in the medulla
influence transitions between sleep and weakfulness
Medulla oblangata
controls several automatic functions
breathing
swallowing
vomiting
cardiovascular activity
Cerebellum
called a tree of life
crucial for coordinating movements of the body
maintains posture(body position)
Midbrain
related with
movement,arousal and emotion
certain optic and auditory reflexes
Retucular information
consists of dozens of interconnected clusters of neuron
plays a role
sleep and weakfulness
emotion
muscle tone
