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BIOLOGY 101 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
        atoms
      - Cn(H2O)n
      - Most of the carbon atoms in a carbohydrate are
        linked to a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group
        
        Monosaccharides: Simplest sugars : Ring
        or Linear
        
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  - - - Composed predominantly of hydrogen and
        carbon atoms
        
        Defining feature of lipids is that they are
        nonpolar and therefore very insoluble in water
        
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  - - - Condensation or dehydration reaction: Links monomers to form polymers
        
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        Hydrolysis: Polymers broken down into monomers
  - - - Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell
        and needs 4 more electrons to fill the shell
        
        It can make up to four bonds
        Usually single or double bonds
        
        Carbon can form nonpolar or polar bonds
        
        Carbon can form nonpolar or polar bonds
        
        Molecules with polar bonds are water soluble
        
        Molecules with nonpolar bonds (like hydrocarbons) are not very water soluble.
        
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  - - - Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
      - nitrogen, and small amounts of other elements, notably sulfur
      - Building blocks of proteins are amino acids
  - - - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
      - Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- - - - Region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane
        
        Cytoplasm includes everything inside the plasma membrane
  - - - Breakdown of a molecule into smaller components
        
        Anabolism
        
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  - - - Three kinds of movements
        
        Motor protein carries cargo along the filament
        
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  - - - Eukaryotes
        
        Network of three types of protein filaments
        
        Microtubules
        Intermediate filaments
        Actin filaments
  - - - All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
        
        Cells are the smallest units of life
        
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- - - - DNA, pre-mRNA ,mRNA , Protein
    - - Eukaryotes have distinct ribosomes in different cellular compartments
    - - Elongation
      - Initiation
      - Termination
    - - 1: Instead of a ribosomal-binding sequence, mRNAs have guanosine cap at 5’ end
      - 2: Position of start codon more variable
        In many cases, first AUG codon used as start codon
    - - Step 1: Aminoacyl tRNA brings a new amino acid to the A site
      - Step 2: Peptide bond is formed between the amino acid at the A site and the growing polypeptide chain
      - Step 3: Movement or translocation of the ribosome toward the 3’ end of the mRNA by one codon
    - - When a stop codon is found in the A site, translation ends
      - 3 stop codons – UAA, UAG, UGA
      - Recognized by release factors
      - Completed polypeptide is attached to a tRNA in the P site and stop codon in the A site
      - Release factor binds to stop codon at the A site
        Bond between polypeptide and tRNA hydrolyzed to release polypeptide
      - Ribosomal subunits and release factors disassociate
- - - - Chemical energy, the energy in molecular
        bonds, is a form of potential energy
        
        Laws of Thermodynamics
        
        First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed
        
        Second Law of Thermodynamics
        
        Transfer of energy from one form to another
        increases the entropy
        
        Change in free energy determines
        direction of chemical reactions
        
        Inhibition
        
        Competitive inhibition
        
        Noncompetitive inhibition
      - H = G + TS
        
        Spontaneous reactions can be slow
        
        Many Proteins Bind ATP and Use
        That ATP as a Source of Energy
        
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        Catalyst
        
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        Enzymes – protein catalysts in living cells
        
        Ribozymes – RNA molecules with catalytic
        properties
        
        Lysosomes
        
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        Exergonic = spontaneous
        
        Endergonic = not spontaneous
- - - - Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules
        
        Hydrophilic (water-loving) region faces out
        
        Hydrophobic (water-fearing) region faces in
    - - Integral or intrinsic membrane proteins
      - Peripheral or extrinsic membrane proteins
      - Approximately 25% of All Genes
        Encode Transmembrane Proteins
        
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        Membranes are semifluid
        
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        Composition of lipid raft is different than rest
        of membrane
        
        High concentration of cholesterol
        
        Unique set of membrane proteins
      - Factors affecting fluidity
        
        Length of fatty acyl tails
        
        Presence of double bonds
        
        Presence of cholesterol