Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - RELEASES MELATONIN, REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
        
        LOCATED IN DIENCEPHALON (THIRD VENTRICLE OF THE BRAIN)
    - - NEUROENDOCRINE ORGAN
        
        LOCATED BENEATH THALAMUS IN LOWER WALLS
    - - POSTERIOR LOBE : STORE HORMONES FROM HYPOTHALAMUS
        
        ANTERIOR LOBE : INFLUENCED BY HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE
        
        ATTACTHED TO HYPOTHALAMUS WITHIN THE SPHENOID BONE
    - - INCREASE THE RATE OF CELLULAR METABOLISM
        
        LOCATED ON THE TRACHEA, INFERIOR TO THE LARYNX
    - - STMULATE THE RELEASE PARATHYROID HORMONE, TO INCREASE CALCIUM ABSORPTION
    - - DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSES
        
        LOCATED DEEP TO STERNUM
    - - ADRENAL CORTEX : REGULATE SODIUM IONS & POTASSIUM ION REABSORPTION BY THE KIDNEYS
        
        ADRENAL MEDULLA : PRODUCES CATECHOLAMINES TO SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
        
        LOCATED IN KIDNEYS
    - - COMPOSED OF BOTH ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND CELLS
        
        LOCATED BEHIND STOMACH
    - - ESTROGENS : STIMULATE MATURATION OF FEMALE REPRODUCTION ORGANS & FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTIC
        
        PROGESTERONE : WORKS WITH ESTROGENS ESTABLISHING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
        
        LOCATED IN ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
    - - TESTOSTERONE PROMOTES MATURATION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
        
        LOCATED IN THE SCROTUM
- - - - CONTROLS THE SLEEP / WAKING CYCLE AND STRESS
    - - THESE PAIR OF PURPLISH BROWN ORGANS ARE LOCATED BELOW THE RIBS TOWARDS THE MIDDLE OF THE BACK. FUNTIONS IS TO REMOVE LIQUID WASTE FROM THE BLOOD IN THE FORM OF URINE KEEP A STABLE BALANCE OF CELLS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES IN THE BLOOD
    - - THESE NARROW TUBE FROM THE KIDNEY TO THE BLADDER. MUSCLES TIGHTEN AND RELAX FORCING URINE DOWNWARD, AWAY FROM THE KIDNEY. EVERY 10 TO 15 SECOND , SMALL AMOUNTS OF URINE ARE EMPTIED INTO THE BLADDER FROM THE URETERS.
    - - SUPPLIES BLOOD TO THE KIDNEY
    - - A SPHERICAL STORAGE ORGAN THAT CONTAINS UP TO 400 ML OF URINE
    - - A TUBULE THAT EXCRETES URINE OUT OF THE URINARY BLADDER TO THE OUTSIDE , THROUGH THE URETHRAL ORIFICE .
- - - - A TUBE WHICH LEADS SEMEN PASS TO THE OUTSIDE OF THE BODY THROUGH PENIS
    - - THIS REQUIRED THE MALE REPRODUCTION SELL(SPREM) TO FUSES WITH FEMALE REPRODUCTION CELL(EGG)
        
        THE ERECT PENIS IS INSETED INTO THE VAGINA DURING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
        
        PENIS EJACULATES SEMN (COINTAINING SPERMS ) INTO THE VAGINA
        
        THE SPREMS THEN WIL SWIM INTO THE UTERUS
    - - CONTAINING NUTRIENTS AND ENZYMES
        
        PROVIDING THE SPERM THE ENERGY TO MOVE
    - - PRODUCES SPERMS AMD MALE SEX HORMONES
    - - TESTIS IS FOUND IN THE SCROTUM
    - - A MUSCULAR TUBE THAT CARRIES SPERM FROM TESTIS TO THE URETHRA
    - - BECOMES ERCT WHEN SEXUALLY EXCITED
        
        SPERMS ARE EJACULATED THROUGH PENIS DURING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
        
        SPERM
        
        SPERM HAS A HEAD CONTAINING A NUCLEUS
        
        HAS A LONG TAIL TO HELP THE SPERMS TO SWIM TOWARD THE EGG
  - - - A RING OF THE LOWER OF THE UTERUS
    - - A MUSCULAR TUBE CONNECTING THE OVARY TO THE UTERUS
        
        CONTRACTS TO PUSH THE EGG TOWARD THE UTERUS
    - - A MUSCULAR TUBE THAT JOINS THE CERVIX TO THE OUTSIDE THE BODY
    - - PRODUCE EGGS AND FEMALE SEX HORMONES
        
        TAKE TURN THE PRODUCE AN EGG EVERY MONTH
    - - A PEAR-SHAPED ORGAN WITH THICJ MUSCULAR WALLS
        
        THE INTERNAL OF THE UTERUS IS COVERED WITH A LAYER CALLED THE UTERINE LINING
  - - - DAY 1- 5
        
        UNFERTILISIED EGG AND BLOOD ARE DISCHARGED OUT OF THE BODY WITH THE HELP OF MUSCULAR CONSTRACTION OF THE UTERUS
    - - DAY 14-16
        
        A MATURE OVUM IS RELEASED FROM THE OVARY
        
        THE FERTILE PERIOD
  - - - THE PROCESS WHERE THE NUCLEUS OF THE SPERM FUSES WITH THE NUCLEUS OF THE EGG
        
        DURING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE SPERM DEPOSITED IN THE VAGINA TRAVEL UP TO THE UTERUS THROUGH THE OVIDUCT TO THE EGG
        
        FETILISED EGG DIVIDEDS REPEATEDLY TO FORM THE EMBRYO
    - - THE EMBRYO DEVELOPS INTO A FOETUS DURING 9 MONTH OF PREGNANCY
        
        AT THE END OF PREGNANCY,THE MUSCUCLES OF UTERUS CONTRACTS TO PUSH THE BABY
        
        CERVIX ENLARGE TO ALLOW THE BABY TO PASS THROUGH .
        
        THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS BIRTH
    - - THE NUCLEI OF THE SPERM AND EGG CONTAIN GENES
        
        GENES ARE PASSED ON TO THE NEW INDIVIDUAL
        
        HEREDITY IS A PROCESS BY WHICH CHARATERISTICS ARE PASSED DOWN GENETICALLY FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT
        
        WE INHERIT CHARATERISTICS FROM OUR PARENTS, THESE CHARATERISTICS ARE KNOWN AS HEREDITARY CHARATERISTICS
- - - - The lungs tissue becomes scarred and can't work the way it should
    - - Tiny clumps of inflammatory cells called granulomas form, often in your lungs and lymph nodes
    - - Too much fluid builds up between the tissues that line our lungs and chest
    - - This disease is caused by problem in our genes and gets worse over time
    - - Cells in our lung change and grow into a tumor
    - - A bacterium causes this dangerous infection
    - - An infection causes inflammation in our alveoli
- - - - Brain
        
        Cerebrum : Center for voluntary activity, Interprets sensory impulses, initiates some motor activities and responsible for memory, thinking and reasoning
        
        Cerebellum : Coordinates motor activities and aids in maintaining balance
        
        Medulla : Controls involuntary activities such as breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure and peristalsis (is part of the brain stem) and most "primitive" part of brain
      - Spinal Cord
      - Afferent Division
        
        Sensory Stimuli
        
        Visceral Stimuli
      - Efferent Division
        
        Somatic Nervous System
        Categories under voluntary control
        
        Motor Neuron
        
        Skeletal Muscles
        
        Autonomic Nervous System
        Innervates most effector organs and tissues in the body
        
        Sympathetic Nervous System
        
        Prepare the body for stress
        
        Responsible for creating homeostasis
        
        Increase Heart rate
        
        Cortisol and Adrenaline
        
        Decrease digestion
        
        Parasysmpathetic Nervous System
        
        Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine gland
        
        Rest and digest
        
        Returns the body to a calm state
        
        Growth Hormone
        
        Repair the body
        
        Decrease heart rate and blood pressure
        
        Enteric Nervous System
        
        Digestive Organs only
        
        Stimuli in Digestive tract
      - Difference Between Myelinated and Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers
        
        Myelinated
        
        Myelinated nerve fibers contain a myelin sheath around the nerve fiber
        
        White in color
        
        Consist of nodes of Ranvier
        
        Long axon nerve fibers are myelinated
        
        Unmyelinated
        
        Unmyelinated nerve fibers do not contain a myelin sheath
        
        Grey in color
        
        Do not Consist of nodes of Ranvier
        
        Short axon nerve fibers are unmyelinated
- - - - :star: FUNCTION
        
        Skeletal muscles attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system.
        
        Aids in the overall movement of the body
      - :star: CHARACTERISTICS
        
        Skeletal muscle tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that have a striated appearance
        
        Muscle fibers are organized into bundles supplied by blood vessels and innervated by motor neurons
        
        Skeletal muscle consists of densely packed groups of hugely elongated cells known as myofibers
        
        Voluntary muscle
      - :star: LOCATION
        
        Around bones and other muscles
    - - :star: FUNCTION
        
        Regulates the flow of blood in the arteries and air through lungs
        
        Moves food through digestive organs
        
        Empties liquid from the bladder
        
        Controls width of the blood vessels
      - :star: CHARACTERISTICS
        
        Involuntary muscle
        
        Smooth and lines the organs
      - :star: LOCATION
        
        Stomach
        
        Arteries
        
        Intestinal walls
    - - :star: FUNCTION
        
        Pumps blood throughout body
      - :star: CHARACTERISTICS
        
        Cardiac muscle is made from cells called cardiocytes
        
        Striated muscle
        
        Involuntary muscle
      - :star: LOCATION
        
        Heart
- - - - The remaining three liters seep through the capillaries and into the body’s tissues. The lymphatic system collects this excess fluid, now called lymph, from tissues in the body and moves it along until it's ultimately returned to your bloodstream.
  - - - Lymph, also called lymphatic fluid, is a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues (that is not reabsorbed into the capillaries) plus other substances. The other substances include proteins, minerals, fats, nutrients, damaged cells, cancer cells and foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses). Lymph also transports infection-fighting white blood cells (lymphocytes).
    - - Lymph nodes are bean-shaped glands that monitor and cleanse the lymph as it filters through them. The nodes filter out the damaged cells and cancer cells. These lymph nodes also produce and store lymphocytes and other immune system cells that attack and destroy bacteria and other harmful substances in the fluid. Lymph nodes are connected to others by the lymphatic vessels.·
    - - Lymphatic vessels are the network of capillaries (microvessels) and a large network of tubes located throughout your body that transport lymph away from tissues. Lymphatic vessels collect and filter lymph (at the nodes) as it continues to move toward larger vessels called collecting ducts. These vessels operate very much like your veins do: They work under very low pressure, have a series of valves in them to keep the fluid moving in one direction.
    - - Lymphatic vessels empty the lymph into the right lymphatic duct and left lymphatic duct (also called the thoracic duct). These ducts connect to the subclavian vein, which returns lymph to your bloodstream. The subclavian vein runs below your collarbone. Returning lymph to the bloodstream helps to maintain normal blood volume and pressure. It also prevents the excess buildup of fluid around the tissues (called edema).
    - - This largest lymphatic organ is located on the left side under the ribs and above the stomach. The spleen filters and stores blood and produces white blood cells that fight infection or disease.
    - - This organ is located in the upper chest beneath the breast bone. It matures a specific type of white blood cell that fights off foreign organisms.
    - - These lymphoid organs trap pathogens from the food you eat and the air you breathe. They are your body’s first line of defense against foreign invaders.
    - - This is the soft, spongy tissue in the center of certain bones, such as the hip bone and breastbone. White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are made in the bone marrow.
    - - These are small masses of lymphatic tissue in the mucous membrane that lines your small intestine. These lymphoid cells monitor and destroy bacteria in the intestines.
    - - Appendix contains lymphoid tissue that can destroy bacteria before it breaches the intestine wall during absorption. Scientists also believe the appendix plays a role in housing “good bacteria” and repopulating our gut with good bacteria after an infection has cleared.
- - - - This is the main blood circulatory system that transports blood to the organs, tissues, and cells throughout the body.
    - - This circulatory system moves blood between the heart and lungs. It is where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.
  - - - Blood flows through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle (lower right chamber).
        
        The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve and out of the heart via the main pulmonary artery.
        
        The blood then flows through the left and right pulmonary arteries into the lungs. Here, the process of breathing draws oxygen into the blood and removes carbon dioxide. As a result, the blood is now rich in oxygen.
        
        The blood returns to the heart and flows into the left atrium (upper left chamber) via four pulmonary veins.
        
        Blood flows through the mitral valve and enters the left ventricle (lower left chamber).
        
        The left ventricle pumps the blood through the aortic valve into a large artery called the “aorta.” This artery delivers blood to the rest of the body.
  - - - The second phase is systole, in which the ventricles contract and eject blood. It begins when the mitral or tricuspid valve closes and ends when the aortic or pulmonary valve closes. The pressure inside the ventricles becomes greater than the pressure inside adjacent blood vessels, thereby forcing the blood from the ventricles to the vessels.
- - - - Hair is a component of the integumentary system and extends downward into the dermal layer where it sits in the hair follicle.
        
        In humans, it is a cherished and highly visible indicator of health, youth, and even class.
        
        It has a sensory function, protects from cold and UV radiation.
        
        The presence of hair is a primary differentiator of mammals as a unique class of organisms.
        
        Areas of clinical significance include diseases of hair loss, excess, alterations due to nutritional deficiencies, infectious causes, and effects of drug reactions
    - - Nails form as layers of keratin and appear at the dorsal tips of the fingers and toes.
        
        Nails function to protect the fingers and toes while increasing the precision of movements and enhancing sensation.
        
        Onychomycosis (fungal infection, common clinical presentation involves nail discoloration, subungual hyperkeratosis, onycholysis, and splitting or destruction of the nail plate), Pitting (presents in conditions such as psoriasis, eczema) Koilonychia (spoon nail, been associated with iron deficiency anemia but can be due to idiopathic changes) Clubbing (the most common manifestation of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and correlates with many systemic conditions)
    - - Four types of exocrine glands within human skin—Sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous, and mammary glands.
        
        Secretes an oily substance called sebum, a mixture of lipids that forms a thin film on the skin.
        
        This layer adds a protective layer, prevents fluid loss, and also plays an antimicrobial role
        
        Apocrine glands are present in the axilla and pubic area and produce milky protein-rich sweat. These glands are responsible for odor as bacteria break down the secreted organic substances.
        
        Eccrine glands are distributed throughout the body and primarily produce serous fluid to regulate body temperature.
    - - Made up of two layers—the superficial epidermis and the deeper dermis.
        
        2. Dermis
        
        Underlying connective tissue framework that supports the epidermis
        
        The dermis as a whole contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, sweat glands, hair follicles, and various other structures embedded within the connective tissue.
        
        1. Epidermis
        
        Regenerates from stem cells located in the basal layer that grow up towards the corneum.
        
        The epidermis itself is devoid of blood supply and derives its nutrition from the underlying dermis
        
        Tough, outer layer that acts as the first line of defense against the external environment :
    - - The hypodermis lies between the dermis and underlying organs.
        
        Composed of loose areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
        
        Provides additional cushion and insulation through its function of fat storage and connects the skin to underlying structures such as muscle
        
        Commonly referred to as subcutaneous tissue
    - - The integumentary system provides numerous functions necessary for human life while also maintaining an optimal internal environment for other critical components to thrive.
        
        The integumentary system also acts as a reflection of underlying pathologies eg showing jaundice with liver disfunction, displaying petechiae with thrombocytopenia; decreased skin turgor with dehydration.
        
        When there is an imbalance in this system, many disorders can manifest.
        
        It is a system that can provide many external clues regarding an individual’s physiological state and is a vital component of a complete clinical picture
- - - - :pen: Periosteum: The periosteum is a tough membrane that covers and protects the outside of the bone.
      - :pen: Compact bone: Below the periosteum, compact bone is white, hard, and smooth. It provides structural support and protection
      - :pen: Spongy bone: The core, inner layer of the bone is softer than compact bone. It has small holes called pores to store marrow.
    - - :star: Partly movable joints: These joints allow limited movement. The joints in our rib cage are partly movable joints.
      - :star: Movable joints: Movable joints allow a wide range of motion. Our elbow, shoulder, and knee are movable joints.
      - :star: Immovable joints: Immovable joints don’t let the bones move at all, like the joints between our skull bones.
  - - - Example: Tarsals and carpals
      - Typically tube shaped, contain more spongy bone than compact bone
    - - Composed predominantly of compact bones
      - Much longer than they are wide such as femur and phalanges
    - - Generally this, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy between them
      - Example: Bones of skull
    - - Other bones that not categorized are irregular bones
      - Example: Vetebrae
  - - - Extending from the skull to the pelvis, and forming the body major axial support
      - Consists of 24 single bones called vertebrae and two composite, sacrum and coccyx
    - - Craninum – enclose and protect the fragile brain tissue
      - Facial bones - support the eyes and position
        them anteriorly, composed of 14 bones
    - - Consists of the bony thorax, which is composed of the sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, costal cartilages
      - Protects the organs of the thoracic
        cavity including the critically important heart and lungs