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WHat was the impact of the five year plans and collectivisation under…
WHat was the impact of the five year plans and collectivisation under stalin
Five year plans and industrial change
Catch up with europe, break away from capitalist Nep, also fear of foreign invasion
Implementation
Decision made after 15th party congress 1927 - wanted to use advanced technology, make ussr self sfficient
Planned with Gosplan, state planning authority
Five year plans saw a drive against the Nepmen, state took over nearly all urban economy, also campaigns against 'bourgeois experts' - former managers and owners, 1928, show trials against bourgeois experts
First five year plan
Aims
Concentrated on rapid growth in heavy industry, coal, steel and iron
Superindustrialisers - people in the party who believed agricultural surplus should be taken in order to invest in industry and that heavy industry was the most important part of the economy
Based off ideas from economist Evgeny Preobrazhensky
Consumer industries, textiles and producers of household goods were neglected in order to focus on factories
Successes
More efficient use of existing factories and equipment led to industrial expansion
New cities and factories were built
In 1929 only 25 people lived in Magnitogorsk, 3 years later this was 250,000
Between 1928 and 1941 there was a 17% growth rate with a Four fold increase in steel production and 6 fold increase in coal
Coal increase from 36 million to 130 million tons
Failures
Workers were living in tents and huts in these cities with material rewards limited
Only 17% of Moscow’s workforce was skilled and in most cities this was lower
Slave labour was often used such as on the white sea canal project where as many as 10,000 labourers died
In order to speed up construction of the Canal, the depth was reduced from 22 feet to 12 feet which meant only small barges could use it
There was lots of pressure to meet targets so quality was often sacrificed for time
Stalingrad tractor factory was meant to be producing 500 tractors a month by 1930 but in June managed 8
This was the origin of corruption
Second give year plan
Aims
Higher targets for consumer goods
However The rise of Hitler in Germany meant that defence needed to be focused on
Heavy industry continued to receive priority
Successes
Technical expertise and the new industrial centres starting production results were impressive
Coal and chemical production rose
Lots of new industry was located in remote areas such as Kazakhstan to distribute industrialisation more evenly throughout the USSR
Footwear production and food processing made significant increases
New bakeries, ice cream and meat packing factories were established in many new towns
Between 1928 and 1941 there was a 17% growth rate with a Four fold increase in steel production and 6 fold increase in coal
Failures
The focus on heavy industry had negative impacts on all of the USSR history
Chaotic implementation and planning limited Stalin’s economic policies
As everything was decided in Moscow they had no understanding of the local conditions in far flung areas
This resulted in resources being wasted as they were inappropriate
Many managers and technicians were removed through purges in 1937 which slowed down the economy
Third five year plan
Aims - Directed towards arms production to meet the threat of Nazi Germany and Hitler
Successes - Between 1928 and 1941 there was a 17% growth rate with a Four fold increase in steel production and 6 fold increase in coal
Failures - same as second year plan
Agrilcultural collectivisation and its impact
Reasons for collectivisation
Link with industry
Fear of invasion by foreign powers
Industrial development was only possible with an increase in agricultural production
Technology was required from abroad so the russians had to export grain
More labourers were needed so fans had to become more efficient
Economy
Innificent compared to rest of europe
Use of machinery would be more viable and more cost efficient
Use of machinery would also enable food production to increase and reduce labour requirements
Political
Help extend socialism to the countryside and ensure survival of the revolution
Whilst they took away large estates for aristocracy they never intended it be for the peasants
Provided opportunity to get rid of kulaks
Process
Local party officials went into villages to announce the organisation of collective farms and persuade them to join until enough of them signed on
Promises of increased mechanisation were made
Mts provided machinery and gave farming advice
Once enough peasants signed up, the collective could seize animals, grain supplies and buildings in the village
The term kulak now referred to anyone who didn’t join, instead of joining, alot of them decided to set fire to their farms and slaughter animals
Sometimes the uprisings meant the red army had to come in and Stalin was forced to temporarily back down in March 1930
By 1932, 62% of peasant households were collectivised rising to 93% in 1937
Dekulakization squads- Loyal party members who called themselves the twenty five thousanders who forced the peasants into collectives, it was a cover for a range of methods to eliminate Kulaks, including murder Kulak - larg farm owner
Results
Political
Stalin’s genocide in Ukraine
Imposed party control over rural areas
DIvide between country and town was deepened
Agriculture and rural communities had been sacrificed for towns
Communist youth organisation controlled the youth who spied on the peasants for the party
Economic
The supply of machinery was slow and many farms were without tractors until the mid 30s and as the kulaks were the most productive, removing them was damaging
The slaughtering of animals by peasants was also devastating, the number of cattle halved between 1928 and 33 and did not recover until 53
Grain harvest went from 73.8 million tonnes in 1928 to 67.6 million tonnes in 1934
Slow recovery in agriculture began after good harvest in 1933, but grain production sluggish
Good weather helped 1937 harvest, fall in demand for animal fodder meant more grain for humans
This fall couldn’t have been disastrous but by prioritising the army, the countryside suffered
Social
The rural population starved as government seized food for export to gain foreign exchange
Widespread famine between 1932-33 especially in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the caucasus region
Kazakh population reduced by 40%
Peasants started to move into towns to find food the government then introduced a passport system to prevent them leaving the farms
Russia denied the famine but it is speculated 4 million people died in 1933 alone
In the absence of livestock being killed, humans had to pull ploughs themselves
The kulaks had been liquidated
Holodomor - murder by starvatiion, Stalin in Ukraine
Such devastating impact in countryside that some peasants cheered the invading Nazis in 1941
Recovery from war
During the war
Factories were repurposed such as a children bike factory into a flamethrower
Grain output fell from 95 million tonnes in 1940 to 30 million tonnes in 1942
Lend lease scheme - supplied provided with deferred payments
25 million people homeless, 1,700 towns and 70,000 villages destroyed
Raw materials produced in the Kolkhozes were sent to Germany and by 1941 41 % of Russian arable land was in German hands.
Men were conscripted
76% of of all production in 1942 was for the war
When germany invaded, stalin issued a decree ‘on the military situation’ which mobilised resources controlled by the state defence committee
Results of war
¼ of industry was destroyed in the USSR, most of any allies
Industry devastated factories 70% of production lost
Demobilised soldiers had to readjust
Recover
By 1948 Dnieper hydroelectric plant was operating again
Donets coal production overtook that of 1940
Steel production overtook pre war figures
Progress was aided by the reparations that were earned and use of political prisoners