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FOREIGN POLICY - Coggle Diagram
FOREIGN POLICY
SCOTLAND, 1540-1547
On the English-Scottish border at Solway Moss, Nov 1542, the Scots army was defeated. Over 1,000 Scots prisoners were taken. James V wasn't present, had a fever and died within a week of defeat, leaving Crown to MQS.
In the Treaty of Greenwich, Henry proposed to strengthen English influence in Scotland through the marriage of Edward to Mary - too much for the Scots, treaty collapsed.
In 1542, Henry sent the Duke of Norfolk to attack the Scots. A military success.
Came the renewal of war as Scots nobles looked to France for assistance in maintaining their independence from English control.
Henry attempted to negotiate an agreement with James which would have guaranteed England's security, but James refused, humiliating Henry by failing to turn up for the pre-arranged talks.
In 1544 and 1545, the Earl of Hertford took the English army on a series of raids in the border region, especially on Edinburgh and Dunbar, with buildings burnt and people killed. At the time referred to these attacks as Henry's 'rough wooing', but the Scots only alienated further.
The problem of security of his northern frontier with Scotland. James V had intensified the potential threat his country posed by pursuing an actively pro-French policy. In 1538 he married Mary of Guise, a relative of French King.
By death, Henry had prevented Scotland and France from combining against him, but at great financial cost. Only repeated requests to Parliament for subsidies, reductions in silver value of coins and sale of monastic lands kept Crown solvent.
These short-term measures contributed significantly to the financial difficulties of the mid-Tudor and Elizabethan periods.
EUROPE, 1540-1547
The Treaty of Ardres was signed in 1546 - Henry kept Boulogne and was promised the renewal of payments of pension money from the French. It was agreed that if the French paid all the pension money outstanding, Boulogne would be returned to the French in 1554.
The attempt failed in 1545, due to French incompetence, adverse winds and because the French didn't have a base to use. Boulogne's defences held out against the French attack - a military stalemate.
The English fortified Boulogne, and Henry and most of his army returned home claiming triumph. Francis threatened to invade England. The south coast was put on full alert and fortifications at St Mawes, Pendennis and elsewhere were reinforced.
Henry was confident that this was unlikely, given the previous history of these payments.
Henry wanted to win glory for himself on his terms, headed to Boulogne which he captured. Charles and Francis signed a peace treaty at Crépy.
It can be argued that Henry achieved more than Francis or Charles - priority was the acquisition of glory. Through victory abroad, he enhanced the reputation of Tudor rule, even if there were undesirable consequences.
In 1544 Henry sailed with an army of 48,000 to Calais. He and Charles V were supposed to march on Paris. Managed to coordinate arrival to France, but then followed own priorities, each blaming the other for not sticking to the attack.
However, war had cost £2 million, paid for by large-scale borrowing, sale of monastic land and debasement of the coinage. Left a legacy of increased inflation and debt.
By 1541, Francis I and Charles V were at war. In 1542 France allied with the Ottoman Turks against the Habsburgs. Encouraged Henry to enter. He allied with the Hapsburgs against France, under the agreement both sides promised to invade France within 2 years.
IRELAND, 1540-1547
Some Irish lords were to be included in the Parliament in London. In practice the new governor only properly controlled a small part of the island around Dublin.
Henry set about establishing royal authority across all of Ireland. Principles of English common law were to be extended across the country.
1540 - new kingdom of Ireland declared. Anthony St Leger was sent as its first English governor. All lands in Ireland had to be surrendered to the Crown, with the promise of the return to their owners following pledges of loyalty to Henry.
The process of breaking down feudal territories was slow and took until early 17th century to complete. Became known as the Policy of Plantations, started on small scale in Edward's reign, in Elizabeth's involved sending thousands of Protestants from England to Ireland. Brutality and executions.
Henry's reign marked an important step in Irish history. Ireland was being moved from a clan-based Gaelic structure to a more centralised monarchical state, more typical of the rest of Europe. However, the Irish clung on to supporting the Pope and their Catholic faith.
In 1536, Thomas Fitzgerald led a rebellion against the English Crown. Announced his support for the Pope and for Emperor Charles V. Brutally put down and a more solid basis of govt established to deter future rebellions and prevent the country being used as a base for future foreign enemies of England. Fitzgerald's lost power as Lord-Deputies.
1539 - Con O'Neill and Manus O'Donnell (two Gaelic lords) led an invasion of the Pale (an English run area around Dublin).
SCOTLAND, 1512-1513
Cannons from Edinburgh Castle were dragged by Oxen to England - Catherine was acting as Regent as Henry was in France
The Earl of Surrey was given the title of Lieutenant-General of the North with instructions to take an army north to repel the invasion.
1512 - James IV of Scotland led an army to invade the north-east of England with the intention of diverting English troops from going to France.
The Battle of Flodden, Sept 1513, has been referred to as the last large-scale medieval-style battle in England. Artillery was important as well as hand-to-hand fighting.
The English lost 1,500 men, but the Scots lost about 10,000, included 9 Earls, 13 barons, 3 bishops and King James IV.
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Scotland was weaker due to the defeat. A committee was set up to rule in the name of Margaret Tudor and her 1 year old son, James. Scotland wasn't going to be an active threat.