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FOREIGN POLICY - FRANCE - Coggle Diagram
FOREIGN POLICY - FRANCE
FAILURES
Henry believed he had been draped in glory by the 1513 campaign, but a more sober assessment would suggest he was learning the cost of dealing with experienced international operators. The 2 captured towns were on the edge of the French/Burgundian border and it was Maximilian who gained strategically from their capture, not Henry.
Although clothed in the dignifying lang of 'honour', Henry's first campaign against the French was more reminiscent of a 'football hooligans' outing. Desire for war driven by xenophobia, a young man's need to 'prove' himself in fighting and the craving for conquest, victories and approval from peers.
As part of an international alliance against France in 1512, Henry led an army there but a catalogue of disasters. Revealed Henry's naivete in international diplomacy; Ferdinand had no intention of invading France, used the English troops in Guyenne as a screen, behind which he seized Navarre, before withdrawing and making peace with France. The English troops returned home diseased and mutinous.
Lost money due to actions in Frace. Cruickshank believes the cost of garrisoning Tournai over 5 years came to £178,000, another £50,000 spent on a new citadel in Tournai and £680,000 spent on his military campaign.
Tournai paid Henry £10,000 at capitulation, £1,000 per annum, and Francis paid £120,000 in compensation under the Treaty of London - didn't nearly cover the cost.
THE TREATY OF LONDON, 1518
In 1518, Pope Leo X called for a general crusade to half the spread of the Ottoman power in Eastern Europe. Wolsey used this as an opportunity to place England at the centre of European diplomacy - called for all major powers to settle their differences and live under 'universal peace'.
Over 24 countries signed treaty - a new balance of power established. Henry brought fame and international prestige.
Before Treaty, Henry sent Wolsey a letter describing a meeting he had with Louis d’Orléans - demanded he publicly acknowledge claim to French throne by paying him a yearly 'tribute' of 100,000 crowns - set the precedent for the Treaty and FCG.
Crowson - "to Henry VIII, Wolsey offered the enormous prestige of leading Europe towards humanistic peace in place of the traditional prestige of European warfare".
By late 1517, Wolsey had been informed of Pope Leo's plans for an international truce as a prelude to a crusade against the Ottomans, felt an Anglo-French alliance would be a more effective way of restraining Francis.
However, "this Treaty of London did not last, and thus it has often been dismissed as a mere exercise in egoism". "Wholly at the mercy of shifts in 'great power'.
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SUCESSES OF FIRST FRENCH WAR, 1512-14
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Achievement was sealed in the Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye in 1514, leaving England in possession of Thérouanne and Henry with an annual payment.
Allied to Ferdinand, Maximilian and the Pope, Henry personally led an army of 25,000 into northern France in 1513.
Capture of Tournai significant - Professor Mayer argues it played an important part in fashioning the theory of the Henrician Reformation.
In his search for an active role in Europe against the French, Henry was drawn into the Holy League (Pope, Venetians, Swiss and Ferdinand of Aragon) in Nov 1511. Under the alliance, Henry agreed to attack South-West France with Ferdinand, with the intention of capturing Guyenne - English maintained a claim.
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Henry's cavalry won the Battle of Spurs, 16th Aug, by chasing after a detachment of French horses and capturing notable prisoners, including Louis I d’Orléans, the Duc de Longueville.
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CONTEXT
1516 - death of Ferdinand of Aragon and accession of Charles I. Aug - Franco-Spanish peace agreed at the Treaty of Noyon giving huge territorial concessions to France.
1517 - agreement between Francis and Maximilian, Holy Roman Emperor.
1515 - death of Louis XII and accession of Francis I and his victory at Marignano. Spectacular, Francis seized Milan, totally changing balance of power.
1518 - Sept, Anglo-French peace treaty. Oct - Treaty of London.
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1519 - Jan, death of Maximilian and the beginning of the rivalry between Charles I and Francis I for the election of the next Holy Roman Emperor. June - election of Charles V.
1520 - May, Charles visited England.
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WHO TO SIDE WITH?
Francis I - Anglo-French alliance the only way to stop Habsburg dominance. A deal with Charles could encourage French to ally with Scotland. In a weak position, might make a better deal.
Charles V - has offered to marry Henry's daughter, Mary. Controls the Netherlands which is vital for trade. The nephew of Catherine of Aragon.