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THE BREAK WITH ROME - KEY EVENTS - Coggle Diagram
THE BREAK WITH ROME - KEY EVENTS
1526-1527
July 1527 - Henry and Anne agreed to marry after the annulment was granted - suggests Henry saw no real problems in gaining his annulment.
May 1527 - Charles V sacked Rome. His mercenary troops went on a rampage, the Pope was taken prisoner. This severely limited his ability to negotiate a settlement with Henry, because Charles was Catherine's nephew.
Henry decided on an annulment - it's possible his conscience had been pricked by French enquiries as to the legitimacy of Henry's daughter Mary. Henry was trying to arrange Mary's marriage to Francis I.
THE ACT OF SUPREMACY, 1534
The Oath of Supremacy was required by all citizens. This showed that they accepted Henry’s new position as Supreme Head of the Church of England.
This was followed by a Treason Act in 1535 which made denial of the Act of Supremacy and the new Queen and her heirs punishable by death.
Claimed the King had always had the right to be head of the Church - Parliament was merely recognising this and setting up the framework to make it legally enforceable.
In 1534, More refused to take the Oath. Sent to the Tower of London in 1535, given a second opportunity but refused. In July 1535, More was beheaded.
Acknowledged the King as head of the Church, with all the rights this entailed to decide its organisation, personnel and doctrine.
As part of More's replacement, Cromwell was appointed Vicar-General - in charge of the doctrinal reform that was to take place.
Perhaps not a huge revolution - monarchs in various European states were gaining more powers over running the Catholic Church in their territories, with the encouragement of the Papacy in return for agreed taxation levies. Rome was rarely appealed to for legal decisions.
The final seal of the Reformation.
1529-1530
Oct 1529 - Wolsey accused of praemunire, forced to surrender the Great Seal and replaced as the Lord Chancellor by Thomas More.
Jan 1530 - Anne's brother led a mission to the Pope and Charles V in Bologna to gain support for Henry's case. This failed - marked the moment when Henry was pushed into a more radical solution, the rejection of papal authority.
May 1529 - proceedings for hearing the case for Henry's annulment started at Blackfriars. Catherine appealed to the Pope to have the case taken to Rome, the Pope agreed - English court wound up. Clear to Henry that Wolsey had run out of options.
1530 - revival of medieval law of praemunire, 15 of the upper clergy were charged with supporting Wolsey's abuse of power against the King - Henry could replace these men with men who would support his reforms. Scholars from Oxford and Cambridge were sent into European unis to find support for Henry's divorce.
Sept 1530 - Edward Foe and Thomas Cranmer presented Henry with their book 'Collectanea Satis Copiosa ('The Sufficiently Abundant Collections'). This justified Henry's annulment on legal grounds, authors argued that the English Church had always been under the authority of the monarchy. ‘It was the work of the Collectanea that was to fuel the extraordinary self-confidence of the King’s break with Rome’ (D. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer).
1531-1532
May 1532 - Henry demanded that the Church should agree to the 'Submission of the Clergy - a document giving him power to veto Church laws and to choose bishops, even if not approved by Rome. Clergy accepted the King and not the Pope as their lawmaker.
August 1532 - Death of William Warham, Henry asked the Pope to appoint Thomas Cranmer as the new Archbishop of Canterbury, a reformer with some Protestant views.
Jan 1532 - Act of Parliament passed (despite opposition) preventing the payment of annates to Rome. Although the amount collected wasn't great, the banning of the payment was a significant attack on the Pope's rights over the clergy.
1532 - resignation of Sir Thomas More accepted.
Feb 1531 - the Convocation of Canterbury recognised Henry as 'Supreme Head of the Church so far as the law of Christ allows' - brought Henry into direct opposition to the power of the Pope.
1533
January - Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn. Carried out by Thomas Cranmer, later ruled that Henry's marriage to Catherine was invalid, whereas marriage to Anne legal.
February - Act in Restraint of Appeals passed, denying Henry's subjects the right to appeal to the Pope against decisions in English Church courts. Prevented Catherine of Aragon from seeking the Pope's arbitration when the divorce case came before the courts.