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REASONS FOR THE BREAK WITH ROME - Coggle Diagram
REASONS FOR THE BREAK WITH ROME
THE FALL OF WOLSEY
Attempted to side-step the Pope's imprisonment by trying the divorce case as a papal legate in England at the famous Blackfriars Court of 1529.
He was summoned to London in 1530 to answer to further charges.
Also attempted to reignite hostilities between France and the Holy Roman Emperor in an attempt to free the Pope, but Charles was too entrenched in Italy to be expelled by Francis.
His ill-health led to his death on the journey, at Leicester on 29th Nov 1530.
He created a complex argument based on the scriptures to gain Henry a divorce from the Catholic church.
As a Cardinal and Papal legatus a latere Wolsey attempted to win Henry his divorce from Catherine of Aragon via the papacy.
Failure to secure divorce, to achieve aims in foreign policy, Anne Boleyn faction and his reputation and personal ambitions - lost Henry's confidence by 1529.
In the summer of 1529 Henry used Wolsey's position as Papal Legate to accuse him of Praemunire - using powers derived from the Pope to the disadvantage of the King or subjects.
Not a reason!!
SCRIPTURAL ARGUMENTS
If this wasn't the case, Henry had been misled and the marriage had never been valid.
Based on a text from the Old Testament - Leviticus Chapter 20, Verse 16 - if a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an impurity; he hath uncovered his brother’s nakedness; they shall be childless.
Wolsey argued that the validity of Catherine's marriage to Henry in 1509 relied on Catherine's word that her 1st marriage to Prince Arthur hadn't been consummated.
Henry became convinced that lack of legitimate male heir God's punishment - living in sin, conscience wouldn't allow this to continue.
Many theologians didn't agree on Leviticus' meaning - practice of polygamy at the time it was written, many experts thought it meant to not marry your sister-in-law while your brother was alive.
Deuteronomy directly contradicted the words of Leviticus - after brother's death, it was a man's duty to marry his wife and have children on his brother's behalf.
DESIRE FOR A MALE HEIR
The Tudor family claim to the throne wasn't that secure, so having a son would secure the succession and solidify the claims of the Tudor dynasty.
There had never been a female monarch - Mary couldn't be queen, as it was likely that any husband would take control of the state and become King.
In 1525, Henry Fitzroy was made Duke of Richmond - decided to promote his illegitimate son as future heir, reflects his desire to have a son take over the dynasty after his death.
Henry I's death in 1135, had nominated Empress Matilda as his successor and heir to the English throne, only living legitimate child. Cousin Stephen of Blois contested her right - civil war. Henry VIII wanted to avoid same chaos?
ANNE BOLEYN
Simon Fish's 'A Supplication for the Beggars' addressed Henry and criticised greedy and over-fed clerics.
Christopher St Germain emphasised the role of the state in controlling the Church.
William Tyndale's 'Obedience of the Christian Man', which defended the power of Kings in their own countries. Given to him by Anne.
Anne was also in contact with a number of Cambridge academics, such as: Hugh and William Latimer, Matthew Parker, and Thomas Cranmer.
Henry was influenced by Anne Boleyn's reformist writer acquaintances such as:
Cranmer in particular has been described as the 'most exalted specimen of Anne's religious patronage'.
POWER
The Convocation of Canterbury
The Submission of the Clergy
STATE OF THE CHURCH
Anticlericalism shouldn't be seen as a vital cause, but a contributory cause which created an environment that enabled a break from the power of the Pope.
Parliament was summoned to voice anticlerical concerns.
Replaced Wolsey with layman Thomas More, a high profile reformer who was linked to Erasmus and criticised the state of the Church in 'Utopia'.
Dismissal of Cardinal Wolsey in 1529 - epitome of clerical abuses.