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Chapter 18: Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 18: Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbon
Homologous series
Functional groups with same chemical properties
Alkene
Carbon-Carbon double bond (R=R')
General formula is CnH2n
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon=carbon double bond
Eth
ene
C2H4 , bp -104 degrees celsius
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Prop
ene
C3H6, bp -48 degrees celsius
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but
ene
C4H8, bp -6 degrees celsius
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pent
ene
C510, bp 30 degrees celsius
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hept
ene
C7H14, bp 93.6 degrees celsius
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-They are obtained by catalytic cracking petroleum (crude oil) into smaller molecules.
Large saturated alkane molecules are cracked to produce smaller unsaturated alkene molecules with hydrogen which are used to produce petrolchemicals.
-Alkenes molecules are more reactive than alkane molecules and can undergo further reactions to form other useful products like alchohols and plastics.
-Similar physical properties as alkanes
Alkene reactions
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Alchohol
Hydroxyl group (OH)
Alkane
Alkyl group (R)
CH2 - Unit
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, referring to all carbon-carbon-hydrogen single bonds
Down the group, as there are increasing size of molecules, Carbon atoms and stronger intermolecular forces of attraction, State decreases, Boiling point increases, Density increases, Viscosity increases and Flammability decreases.
Alkanes are also generally unreactive due their strong carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds which are difficult to break.
Alkane reactions
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General formula for saturated compounds is CnH2n+2
Eth
ane
n=2, C2H6, bp -89 degrees celsius
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Prop
ane
n=3, C3H8, bp -42 degrees celsius
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Meth
ane
n=1, CH4 bp -162 degrees celsius
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But
ane
n=4, C4H10, bp -0.5 degrees celsius
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Pent
ane
n=5, C5H12, b.p. 36 degrees celsius
Carbonxylic Acids
(-C-O-)
Applications of fractions
Naphtha is used as feedstock for petrochemical industry to produce plastics and detergents
Kerosene (paraffin) are used as fuel for aircraft engines and oil stoves for heating purposes
Petrol is used as fuel for car engines
Diesel is used to fuel diesel engines
Lubricating oil is used to lubricate machines and make waxes and polishes.
Petroleum gas is used as fuel for cooking and heating
Bitumen (asphalt/residue) is used to pave road surface.
Crude oil
Thick, Black, viscuous liquid mixture
Kerosene
Which fraction is collected first? *Liquid particles with lowest BP as lower energy is required to overcome intermolecular forces of attraction. Hence, It is collected first.
Liquidfied Petroleum Gas (Lovely People) (lowest BP)
Diesel oil
Naphtha
Lubricating oil
Petrol (Gasoline) People
Bitumen (highest BP)
How are the fraction arranged? *Carbon chain fraction are placed at the lower levels of the fractionating column
Uses fractional distillation to seperate mixture based on boiling point (BP)