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Education Policies - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Equality of circumstances
        
        Everyone should start school at the same point of in terms of home and material access
        
        There are a few policies that have attempted to improve the equality of circumstances
        
        This can be due to the fact that there is a huge inequality within society. For example, the working and middle class.
      - Equality of participation
        
        Everyone should have the same chances to participate on an equal footing in the everyday life of schools.
      - Equality of access
        
        Everyone should have the same opportunity to access schools without unfair selection
      - Equality of outcome
        
        Everyone should have the same chances of sharing long term benefits of schooling.
  - - - The tripartite system.
        
        First system to provide free secondary education for all children, thus removing the barriers to pay a requirement fees.
        
        However in order to access this free secondary school. Students had to complete 11+ exam which potentially disadvantaged working class children.
      - The comprehensive system.
        
        Single type of school
        
        Accessible to all without having to do a selection / exam.
        
        Today nearly all pupils attend a non-selective comprehensive school.
        
        These may take the form of academies, free schools and community schools
    - - aimed to discriminate in favour for young people facing disadvantages in education due to home life or social class.
      - Compensatory policies included:
        
        The pupil premium (2010 onwards)
        
        This gave schools with pupils from low income backgrounds more money. E.g. for school materials.
        
        Educational Action Zones/Excellence in cities (1990s - 2000s)
  - - - Schools are required to accept pupils from all backgrounds.
      - However, it can be argued that schools want pupils that are hardworking, well behaved and live in well of families to benefit a higher ranking of the league table.
        
        Tactics:
        
        Schools may use hidden tactics and tricks that encourage working class parents to send their children elsewhere
        
        Examples:
        
        Not promoting the school in poorer areas
        
        Having expensive uniform regulations
        
        Persuading parents that the school is unsuitable for their child
        
        Complex admission criteria
- - - - Management moved away from local authorities and now to governors and headteachers.
      - The conservative government changed the formula used to calculate funding.
      - Money is now allocated to schools based on the numbers of pupils in a school.
    - - Parental choice and open enrolment – any school with vacancies had to accept any pupil until they were full.
      - A National curriculum and national testing (SATs) was implemented.
    - - Establishment of Ofsted to measure school performance and school quality.
      - Introduction of school performance tables (league tables), ranking schools on the grades achieved by their students and the 'quality' of each school.
  - - - Increased funding for schools.
      - More nursery education.
      - Smaller Primary school classes.
    - - Establishment of Education Action Zones and academies in the more disadvantaged areas.
      - Education Action Zones are special areas, often in deprived parts of the country. The aim was to unite local schools, local parents & businesses to try to improve education in these areas.
    - - Introduction of the Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA).
      - This provided supplementary funds or income to support children from less advantaged backgrounds as they continued in school.
    - - For example, some schools could become 'Language Colleges' and specialise in teaching languages to their pupils.
      - Introduction of Specialist school status where all secondary schools were encouraged to adopt a specialist subject area.
  - - - Introduction of free schools. Free schools are schools that are set up by a group of people (sometimes parents) and they also receive their funding directly from the central government
      - Increase in the number of academies.
    - - ntroduction of the pupil premium (extra money for the most disadvantaged pupils).
      - How much money schools get in 'pupil premium' is often linked to the incomes of the parents of the children who attend the school.
    - - National Curriculum Reform (academies exempted).
      - Exam reform (new-style GCSE, AS and A levels).
    - - Tougher performance targets for schools.
- - - - Involves schools and colleges operating in similar ways to private independent businesses:
        
        Competing with other schools for pupils.
        
        Target setting / audience
        
        Managing their own affairs.
        
        League tables to measure preformance
    - - Refers to the opening up of state education to private businesses who design, manage or deliver education.
        
        For example: privately managed chains of academy schools
        
        Private companies taking responsibility for the exam system.
        
        ICT companies like Apple and Google providing online curriculum content.
  - - - Creates more business-like and efficient schools, leading to raised standards and an increase in the schools popularity amongst a potential customer base.
      - Privitisation provides parents with more choices.
    - - Money might be miss used / drained for private profit
      - Privitisation might lead to more inequalities in education because schools will want to discourage those children from poorer and disadvantaged families who might affect the schools league table and performance charts.
- - - - Schools compete with other schools for customers.
    - - "Parent power" (Parentocracy) refers to the way in which parents and potential pupils (the customers) are given the opportunity to decide which school or college to attend, rather than these decisions being made by the local authority.
    - - Refers to the way schools operate similarly to businesses, in that they have control over their affairs.
    - - These are national curriculum authorities approved by the government to test the preformance of the school for the league tables
        
        these results are then used to help parents identify the best and weakest schools.
  - - - Isn't a reality for many parents. Although the middle class parents have gained the most from parental choice. those families from disadvantaged backgrounds might be discriminated against through hidden or covert methods.
    - - Schools might attempt to maintain their position in league tables by concentrating resources on those pupils who are most likely to achieve (usually the middle-class) which increases divisions and unequal class between pupils.
    - - There is less control over the planning and supply of school places and less control over school quality.
      - Little regulation to prevent illegal and unfair covert admission policies
- - - - Within education, international league tables compare the standards of educational performance.
      - The international league table also known as PISA (programme for international student assessment) is measured every 3 to 5 years to compare performance around the world.
    - - British universities are relying on globalisation to help with financial hardships. -  International students generally pay much higher tuition fees than home-based students which therefore brings in extra funds.  
    - - Globalisation has also impacted education due to the increasing flow of people from other cultures. 
      - This has led to teachings of multiculturalism, citizenship studies and wider variety of modern foreign languages. 
- - - - Privitisation
        
        Refers to the drive to make schools and colleges to operate more like independent private businesses
        
        E.G. Managing their own affairs and competing with other schools through systems like league tables.
      - Neo liberalism
        
        Links to the New Right
        
        Believes that the state should have a minimal role in providing and managing public services e.g. EDUCATION
        
        However should rely on a system similar to how a business operates in a free market.
      - Marketisation
        
        Necessary if schools are to run like businesses and might include publicity, advertising literature and open days in order to tempt parents (consumers) to send their children to the school.
      - Globalisation
        
        Using evidence drawn from comparisons with other countries. e.g. PISA (programme for international student assessment)
        
        Refers to education, the formation of educational policy within a global context.