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BEE - Coggle Diagram
BEE
Beekeeper
-prediction of when nectar will be available in his area
-prevention and management of swarming
-keeping the hive free of pests and disease
they should always wear a protective garment to protects themselves form stings
garments should be regularly washed to remove previous stings retained in the fabric (sting emit an alarm pheromone causing an aggressive reaction by the bees)
to inhibit bees' ability to sting they can use smoker, a device that produce smoke which calm the bees and makes them feed on honey
it also masks the bees's alarm pheromones
fuels to generate smoke must be naural, for example rotten wood, hessian, pine needles or also water-based solution
Beekeeping
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the beekeepers maintains the beehives in order to collect pollen, propolis and royal jelly, beeswax, to impollinate crops and also produce new generations of bees for sale to other beekeepers
bees are usually kept in rectangular hive with parallel frames that contain honeycombs, which hold food for the colony, pupae, larvae and eggs
the hives are contained in a bee yard
in modern beekeeping movable frame hives are used because the removable combs allow the bee products to be collected without damaging the combs and preserving the bees
Colony
queen: is a worker bee that receives more royal jelly, she is the only bee which become sexually mature and produces pheromone that suppress sexual maturity of the other female bees, she produces eggs
worker bee: lives 6-16 weeks, cleans cells, feeds larvaes with royal jelly, look for pollen, makes cells
drones: are males, are larger than worker bees but smaller than the queen and their only function is to mate with new queens, when they are no more needed other bees may drive them to the outside of the hive to die
when the queen runs out sperm to fertilize eggs or is damaged she is replaced by a bee from a worker egg; in this case the bees in the colony may divide and swarm, but the colony does not swarm until all available space for eggs and larvae is used
Bioindicators
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bees are reliable bioindicators, they detecting environmental contaminants (pesticides, pollutants, heavy metals, radioactive substances)
two signals of pollution of an ecosystem are high bee mortality and the residues of pollutants present in their bodies or products
the bees' hairs allow them to detain the substances they come in contact with and their flight range allows one to monitor wide areas
Colony Collapse Disorder
when CCD affect a colony worker bees leave the hive to forage but they never come back, or they drop dead in large groups without apparent reason: without worker bees the queen and brood cannot sustain themselves and they die
industrial agricolture seems to be the cause of the bees' dead: a chemical pesticides called neonicotinoids are a signifiant cause of CCD because they penetrate into the plant tissues including nectar and pollen and attack insects like bees