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Global Migration - Coggle Diagram
Global Migration
Study Guide 1
Migration: The movement of people from one place to another for more than one year.
Inter-regional flows: this occurs between countries which are NOT located in the same region of the world. Examples: South Africa to Australia, from the UK to New Zealand.
Intra-regional flows: this occurs between countries that belong to the SAME region in the world. Examples: Bulgaria to the UK, Argentina to Chile
The causes of migration
Lee's Model: provides a framework for the understanding of international migration.
Push Factors: These cause a migrant to want to move from their country of origin. These reasons can range from poor job opportunities, poverty, natural disasters.
Pull factors: These attract a migrant to a destination and can range better job opportunities, good housing, safety etc.
Intervening obstacles: It may involve a human barrier to overcome (e.g. transport issues, cost of moving), or a physical barrier to overcome (a sea, mountains, river)
Ravenstein's distance decay theory: the concept that migrants are likely to move the shortest distance they can, meaning the further you go from the country of origin, the less migrants there will be from that country.
Bilateral migration corridors: flows of people between one country to a desirable other country.
World's largest bilateral flow 2010-13: Mexico -> USA.
India -> UAE. A high demand for labour w good wages in oil producing.
Recent EU membership has given its workers the right to work in other states. Poland -> UK. Romania -> Italy.
Sought asylum due to civil war: Somalia -> Kenya
Migrants hope to escape poverty and seek better opportunities in this neighbouring country: China -> S Korea
Positive loop to show increase of economic migrants from the same community: Outflow of migrant workers -> Send back large remittances -> Increase in inequality between families -> Growing feelings of relative deprivation <-
Positive feedback loop to show how the demand for migrant workers in the destination country may increase over time: Increase in demand for migrant workers -> Jobs are taken by migrants seen as low status -> Labour shortages in country of destination <-
21st century Changes in global migration that increase complexity
A. Conflict and persecution has increased has increased the number of forced migrants.
Number of displaced people has quadrupled within ten years.
An internally displaced person is someone who if forced to flee their homes but remain in their own country.
An asylum seeker is a person who is trying to get refugee status in the host country, but whose claim for refugee status has not yet been assessed. If their claim is unsuccessful they will have to return to their country of origin.
A refugee is someone who has sought asylum and has not been accessed as having a genuine fear of persecution or death. Refugees are entitled to international protection and assistance.
Stats
70.8 million people are now displaced.
2.1 million more displaced in 2018 than 2017.
41.3 million IDPs
Half of refugees are children
111,000 children are forced to migrate without their family
2/3rds of all refugees come from the same five countries.
B. Economic globalisation is changing the pattern of migrant flows.
Top ten economic migrant sending countries: India (edc), Mexico (edc), Russia (edc)
Top destinations are all ACs. USA, Germany, Russia and developing EDCs (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates). There are more EDC destinations however in numbers, there are a lot more people going to ACs. This shows that EDCs are becoming more attractive destinations. There are more transport links to ACs, and there is also technology that allows migrants to send money home more easily (remittances).
Economic migrants originate mainly from EDCs rather than LIDCs because to move countries, the worker needs money and skills/qualifications to find work, which are more accessible in EDCs.
Time-Space Compression enables migrants to move more quickly.
TNCs offer highly paid jobs to these workers in EDCs to take advantage of cheap labour - this gives them high aspirations and makes want to migrate in ACs where there is access to better education/job opportunities
C. The number of young workers and female migrants is increasing.
72% of migrants are of working age (median age is 39).
There is a rise in numbers of young migrants as they are seeking job opportunities.
Today, 49% of international migrants are female.
They are attracted to the possibility of economic independence, and may be escaping gender discrimination in their country. Women have also become more educated on the whole, and therefore are more employable.
Issues for female migrants
Sexual and physical abuse during the migration process, as well as a lack of information being provided.
Job opportunities for women can be limited, it is likely they work in cramped, unsanitary conditions, in locations like sweatshops and factory lines.
At work, they may be forced to take HIV/Pregnancy tests.
At work, they are at risk of sexual and physical assault.
They may not even be classified as workers and therefore would not be protected by the law.
D. Changes in national immigration and emigration policies.
E. Migration flows in South:South corridors (i.e. between LIDCs) is increasing.