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A Global Conflict, The Russian Revolution caused Russia to no longer be a…

- - - - How did the Zimmerman Note draw America into war?
        
        The Zimmerman note was noticeably the last straw before America decided to join the war because of how Germany kept provoking them and trying to become allies with America's enemies. The supposed promise Germany had made to Mexico was unacceptable because if it were to happen, the United States would lose a huge part of their land.
      - Germany offered to help Mexico "reconquer" the land it had lost to the United States only if they would become their ally
      - Zimmerman Note was the last straw and a large part of the American population already favored the Allies
      - America felt a bond with England -- common ancestry, language, and similar democratic institutions + legal systems
      - America's economic ties with the Allies were a lot stronger than with the Central Powers
      - April 2, 1917 - President Wilson asked Congress to declare war so that America could enter WWI
        
        "The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifice we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied when those rights have been made as secure as the faith and the freedom of nations can make them." - Woodrow Wilson, Speech to Congress, April 2, 1917
      - The Zimmerman Telegram
    - - Germans intensified submarine warfare happening in the Atlantic Ocean since after the war began
        
        WWI Submarine Warfare
      - January 1917 - Germans announced their Unrestricted Submarine Warfare policy -- their submarines would sink any ships that were in the waters around Britain
      - Germans had already tried this policy before
        
        May 7, 1915 - A German U-boat sunk a British passenger ship, Lusitania
        
        1,198 people were left dead, including 128 U.S. citizens
        
        Germany's claims of the ship carrying ammunition was true
        
        American public was outraged by the event
        
        President Woodrow Wilson sent a strong protest to Germany
        
        Germans finally agree to stop attack neutral and passenger ships after two more attacks
      - Germans were desperate for an advantage over the Allies, returning to unrestricted submarine warfare (1917)
        
        Germany knew that this could possibly lead to war with America, but proceeded to ignore President Wilson's warnings by sinking three American ships
        
        They gambled that their naval blockade would be able to defeat Britain before the United States could even mobilize
    - - In the Zimmerman Telegram, Germany is seen attempting to reach a compromise with Mexico. By offering to help them regain the land they had lost to the United States, they seek aid in exchange so that they could come out of WWI victorious.
  - - - Why did the Allies want to establish a supply to Russia?
        
        After having tried an attack on Germany, Russia was left with almost nothing. All they had was the great amount of troops they possessed. They were left with barely any food, clothes, or ammunition. Since Russia, at this time, was part of the Allies and had done their part in trying to help, the rest of the Allies wanted to help them regain power.
      - Dardanelles - a narrow sea strait that's the gateway to the Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire's capital
      - Allies believed they'd be able to secure a supply line to Russia if they took over Constantinople and defeated the Turks
    - - Allies made repeated assaults on the Gallipoli Peninsula (West side of Strait)
        
        Australia
        
        Great Britain
        
        New Zealand
        
        France
      - Turkish troops, some of which were given orders by German officers, defended that part of the strait
    - - Allies realized it was no use and retreated in December, having suffered about 250,000 casualties
      - Each side kept digging trenches and battling until the rest of the year
  - - - The Japanese overran German outposts in China
      - The Japanese also captured Germany's Pacific Island colonies
      - English + French troops attacked Germany's four African possessions, managing to take control of three
    - - Fighting troops and laborers came to help
        
        India
        
        South Africa
        
        Senegal
        
        Egypt
        
        Algeria
        
        Indochina
      - Many fought + died on the battlefield while others worked to keep the front lines supplied
      - Some people from the colonies wanted no part in Europe's conflict, but others volunteered because they believed that they'd be given their independence due to their service
        
        Indian political leader Mohandas Gandhi supported Indian participation in the war.
        
        "If we would improve our status through the help and cooperation of the British, it was our duty to win their help by standing by them in their hour of need."
        
        Gandhi's Role in WWI
    - - During this point in time, people who were part of the colonies ruled by Britain and/or France helped out in WWI because they believed that if they were to give their service, they'd be given their own independence. One great leader who was part of this particular group of people was Mohandas Gandhi.
  - - - Over the span of WWI, more and more countries kept being dragged into the conflict. The main countries would turn to their allies for help and some attempted to look for help outside of Europe such as in Africa and Asia, only further escalating things. This is how the war in Europe began to spread to different parts of the globe.
- - - - A provisional government was then established, pledging to continue fighting the war.
        
        However, 5.5 million Russian soldiers had already been wounded, killed, or taken prisoner, so the Russian army refused to fight any longer.
        
        8 months after the new government took over, a revolution shook Russia. A new communist leader, Vladmir Lenin seized power.
        
        Lenin insited on ending his country's involvement in the war, and his first act was to offer Germany a truce.
        
        In March 1918, Germany and Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended the war between them.
        
        What effect did the Russian Revolution have on Russia’s role in World War I?
        
        : Russian Provisional Government
  - - - In the opening weeks of the push, Germany destroyed everything in their path, coming within 40 miles of Paris
        
        This push caused Germany's army and supplies to become exhausted, and the Allies launched a counter-attack with the help of 140,000 US troops.
        
        Soon after, the Allies and Germans clashed again at the Marne River, the allies led by 350 tanks that smashed through German lines.
        
        With the arrival of 2 million more US troops, the Allies began to advance towards Germany.
        
        The Central Powers began to crumble as the Bulgarians and the Turks surrendered, and as the citizens of Autstira-Hungary revolted and Germany's soldiers mutinied
        
        The public turned on the Kaiser, Wilhelm II, and Germany declared itself a republic.
        
        1 more item...
        
        How did the surrender of the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the revolution in Austria-Hungary lead to the end of World War I?
        
        Revolution:
        
        Second Battle of the Marne
      - Invasion:
- - - - In each country, the wartime government took control of the economy. Governments told factories what to produce and how much.
        
        Why did the wartime governments take control of their countries' economies? They did so because they needed every factory to build what they needed for the war.
      - https://alphahistory.com/worldwar1/total-war/
    - - With this system, people could buy only small amounts of those items that were also needed for the war effort. Eventually, rationing covered a wide range of goods, from butter to shoe leather.
      - How did Total War lead to rationing. It led to rationing because of how much food and resources all of the solders would need.
      - Governments Wage Total War. Rationing is one of the many outcomes of the war, it has happened all over the world, and it has commonly been used in the past and will be used in the future.
    - - Many leaders feared that honest reporting of the war would turn people against it. Governments also used propaganda to keep up morale and support for the war.
        
        propaganda https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zqhyb9q/articles/zhw3jhv#:~:text=Posters%20tried%20to%20persuade%20men,like%20they%20were%20missing%20out.&text=The%20fear%20and%20the%20anger,men%20for%20the%20armed%20services.&text=Posters%20urged%20women%20to%20help%20the%20war%20effort.
  - - - Thousands of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops. Women built tanks and munitions, plowed fields, paved streets, and ran hospitals. They also kept troops supplied with food, clothing, and weapons.
        
        Although most women left the work force when the war ended, they changed many people’s views of what women were capable of doing.
        
        Women also saw the horrors of war firsthand, working on or near the front lines as nurses and relief workers.
        
        Women and the war. WW1 shoed everyone that women can do the same work as work just as good as a man.
- - - - Taken together, these figures spelled tragedy, an entire generation of Europeans wiped out. The war also had a devastating economic impact on Europe. The great conflict drained the treasuries of European countries.
        
        One account put the total cost of the war at $338 billion, a staggering amount for that time. The war also destroyed acres of farmland as well as homes, villages, and towns. The enormous suffering that result that resulted from the Great War left a deep mark on Western society as well.
        
        A sense of disillusionment settled over the survivors. The insecurity and despair that many people experienced are reflected in the air and literature of the time.
        
        Another significant legacy of the war lay in its peace agreement. The treaties to end World War I were forged after great debate and compromise and while they sought to bring a new sense of security and peace to the world, they prompted mainly anger and resentment.
        
        What strategies new to World War I probably contributed to the destruction of homes, villages and farms?
        Trench and air warfare
        
        Why might Westerners have experienced disillusionment in the wake of World War I?
        Despair at the tremendous loss of life and economic devastation and the uselessness of all the suffering
        
        Effects of World War I
        
        Many cities, towns and villages across Europe were completely destroyed by aerial bombing and heavy artillery. The destruction of homes created thousands of refugees and displaced persons. Almost everyone in Europe was affected by the war.
      - Casualties of World War I
      - Most of the casualties during WWI are due to war related famine and disease. Civilian deaths due to the Spanish flu have been excluded from these figures, whenever possible. Moreover, civilian deaths include the Armenian Genocide.