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Measuring Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - advantages
        
        Useful figures for comparing
        countries. Often used to rank
        countries when establishing fair system of aid payments
        
        good indicator of state of
        economy and provision of
        services
        
        fairly easy to calculate
        from official government figures
      - disadvantages
        
        can hide inequalities as it
        does not show distribution
        of wealth
        
        can be manipulated by countries/governments who want
        to appear poor to collect more aid
        
        does not take into account subsistence
        or informal economies which very important in LEDCs - not take into account local cost of living (unlike PPP)
    - - D: rate of exchange that accounts
        for price differences between countries
        allowing international comparisons of
        income + purchasing power
      - E.g. Big Mac
        Index
      - 1 dollar buys a dissimilar
        level of goods in different countries
  - - - advantages
        
        gives overall picture of levels of
        poverty and helps show trends
        in development
      - disadvantages
        
        problematic worldwide due to
        difficulty of comparing prices
        between countries
        (prices of same goods vary from
        country to country)
        
        basket of goods used to
        determine rates of PPP
        is unrepresentative of poor
        
        income recorded includes government
        help and welfare payments -
        => studies show poverty 30-40% higher
        than official poverty line
        
        no indication of distribution
        of poverty within a country
- - - - advantages
        
        indicates quality of healthcare,
        water quality + food supply
        
        very easy indicator
        to understand
        
        focuses on one of most significant
        aspects of development - health
      - disadvantages
        
        hard to get accurate figure
        as many births in LEDCs are
        unregistered
        
        evidence from some countries
        that level of IMR well above that
        disclosed
        
        high IMR could result of social
        or political factors
        E.g. in China - figure high due to
        1 child policy
  - - - India = many children cannot
        get into education as need to
        work to support family
      - Pakistan + Afghanistan girls
        not encouraged in education
    - - advantages
        
        indicates amount of
        education on offer
        
        shows how many children
        could/couldn't attend school
      - disadvantages
        
        takes no notice of other skills
        people may have that are
        equally valuable
        E.g. good understanding
        of farming techniques
        
        when used on own, doesn't tell
        us whether figure consequence
        of too few schools or fact children
        have to work
- - - - advantages
        
        shows overall development of
        country in one figure
      - disadvantages
        
        HDI for single country - so does not
        distinguish between rates of develop.
        across rural + urban area
        
        less effective at showing variations
        at top end of development spectrum
        (most MEDCs have high LE + LR)
        
        development largely about freedom,
        but index not measure this
        E.g. access to internet = freedom + improves ppls quality of life
        
        even though includes GNIpc -
        does not show distribution of income
        
        HDI excludes many aspects of life
        that could contribute to development:
        
        crime
        
        corruption
        
        poverty
        
        deprivation
  - - - disadvantages
        
        new composite indicator so very
        difficult to access data needed
        
        doesn't take into account unpaid labour that women are involved
        in over world
        E.g. looking after kids/working
        on subsistence farms)
      - advantages
        
        increasing use by UN forcing
        countries to look at how women
        treated in societies