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Cultural Impact of Globalisation - Coggle Diagram
Cultural Impact of Globalisation
Cultural Homogenisation
Local cultures → foreign cultures → become
more similar
with aspects of foreign cultures
Some foreign cultural influences will become dominant whereas influence of local culture will be
less prominent
.
Cultural identity is made similar/uniformed
HOW?:
Globalisation (transportation / communication) →
increase in economic exchanges
around the world →
increased access
and consumption of goods and services from across borders → exposure →
exchange of cultures, in areas of food and entertainment
. When people find features of other cultures more attractive than their own, they
choose to embrace these foreign cultures
→ foreign culture spreads across a country → overshadows the local culture → cultural homogeneity
EXAMPLE:
English is the
universally accepted medium
of communication to facilitate overseas exchanges → greater economic exchange →
need for ease of communication
. 80% of internet communication, an online storage is done in the English language →
more countries seek to train their locals to master the English language
→
seen as having a homogenising effect
as l
ocal languages take a backseat
when people try to master English because they see it as a means of development → cultural homogeneity
Cultural Hybridisation
Combines aspects of different cultures
to create a fusion identity → foreign and local cultures are
blended
→ unique combination as it will
contain elements from both cultures
→
change the nature
of local culture
HOW?:
Globalisation (transportation / communication) →
increase in economic exchanges
around the world →
increased access
and consumption of goods and services from across borders → exposure →
exchange of cultures, in areas of food and entertainment
. When people find features of other cultures more attractive than their own, they
choose to embrace these foreign cultures
→
fusion
of foreign and local culture to create a
unique combination
that contains elements of both cultures → change in the nature of the local culture to include elements of foreign culture → cultural hybridisation
EXAMPLE:
Salsa →
Latin American
music genre originating from
New York
→ mixture of foreign Afro-Caribbean musical influences and North American jazz and rock → combining these will get you salsa → cultural hybridisation
Homogenisation in entertainment
HOW?:
Globalisation (communication) → satellite television (cable) +
internet
→
more exposure to foreign entertainment
→ presence + proliferation of foreign entertainment (tv, film, music or radio) →
indicates foreign influence
→
certain cultures dominate
the entertainment industry → homogenisation
EXAMPLE:
Advancements in communications (e.g. satellite technology) →
paved the way for Korean films, dramas and music videos
to become part of the programming of free-to-air satellite television stations in many countries
K-pop groups are
gaining fan bases from Asia to Europe and America
.
The Korean wave in Singapore can be seen from the
popularity of many products associated with Korea
from cosmetics to food and electronic products.
Spread of Korean culture in Singapore (e.g. youngsters choosing to emulate K pop stars and singing in Korean, when it isn’t even one of the languages that students learn in school) → homogenised culture around the world
Hybridisation in entertainment
HOW?:
Globalisation (communication) → satellite television (cable) +
internet
→
more exposure to foreign entertainment
→ presence + proliferation of foreign entertainment (tv, film, music or radio) →
indicates foreign influence
→ people
may be influence
by some cultures → American culture due to the way the culture is perceived → the attraction that American ideals of independence and individuality
hold to the masses who believe that such messages are empowering for consumers
→ hybridisation in entertainment occurs when Hollywood tries to make its entertainment
more appealing by infusing local culture
in it
EXAMPLE:
Entertainment industries in many parts of the world today are dominated by the USA → American entertainment companies generate close to
30% of worldwide entertainment revenue
→ the
box office domination
of American movies in more than 150 countries → homogenisation in the entertainment industry
In Singapore, 1
47 American movies were screened in 2016 as opposed to 12 local productions
→
clear prevalence
of American movies industry in Singapore → the attraction that American ideals of independence and individuality hold to the masses who believe that such messages are
empowering for consumers
e.g. Kung Fu Panda → shows how Chinese culture was infused into the American culture → mixed culture seen in entertainment → hybridisation of entertainment
How Singapore responds to tension arising from homogenisation and hybridisation of culture:
Threat
to local culture → cultures are adapted to form
fusion ideas
/cultures are homogenised (e.g. loss of local MT languages due to EL) →
loss of the original identity
from both sides →
loss of original / local culture
Measures must ensure that
local culture is not lost
→
balance
between old and new culture e.g. MTL vs EL → bilingualism as a measure to resolve the tension
How countries respond to the tension caused by homogenisation and hybridisation in entertainment:
Tensions → local entertainment companies are
unable to sustain themselves and survive due to the competition
as entertainment industry dominated by USA → US films have
larger budgets
→ able to meet the costs of production to include expensive equipment and set designs and able to
afford large scale publicity to attract viewership
→ local film industry is
unable to compete
with such a scale e.g. In 2016 alone, the US movie, Captain America had an estimated budget of $250 million but Singapore’s most expensive movie Ah Boys To Men had a budget of $3 million
Measures →
empower the local movie industry to survive
e.g. Setting up of the Singapore Film Commission in 1998 to provide funding for production, trainings and film related travel → provide local film industry with more capital to produce attractive, quality moviesSingapore Film Commission in 1998 to provide funding for production, trainings and film related travel → screening local movies such that viewership can be maximised → local entertainment industries can survive and sustain themselves
Threat to local cultural / national ideals due to continued exposure to foreign entertainment
Measures → banned Miley Cyrus Concert in Dominican Republic (pg 205) / Boycott of Kung Fu Panda (pg 311) / Japanese rejection of Hallyu (pg 314) → no proliferation of foreign culture → minimised threat to local / national ideals
Homogenisation in food
HOW?:
Advancement in transportation and technology →
introduction of foreign influences
on food landscape across and within countries → greater travel and quicker access to information on the internet, people are exposed to a larger variety of food → bring these influence into their own country, people are able to experience cuisines from across the world without even having to travel out of the country → people may
choose a certain kind of food or drink
(e.g. Coffee) → homogenised coffee culture → spread of coffee culture → rise of coffee houses (Starbucks, Coffee Bean, Coffee Club etc.) → Similar drinks can be found all over the world → homogenised food culture
EXAMPLE:
McDonalds → 36 500 outlets across the world, with about 22 000 outlets located outside the USA. Singapore has over 100 outlets → spread of fast food outlets promotes the homogenisation of food landscape in the world
Hybridisation in food
HOW?:
Advancement in transportation and technology →
introduction of foreign influences
on food landscape across and within countries → greater travel and quicker access to information on the internet, people are exposed to a larger variety of food → bring these influence into their own country, people are able to experience cuisines from across the world without even having to travel out of the country → people may
choose a certain kind of food or drink
(e.g. Coffee) → homogenised coffee culture → spread of coffee culture → rise of coffee houses (Starbucks, Coffee Bean, Coffee Club etc.) → similar drinks can be found all over the world →
infusion of the foreign food influence
into the local culinary style → foreign fast food
items and menus are modified to suit local tastes
→ e.g. Burger King introduced the Rendang Burger to infuse local flavour into the Western style burgers → such incorporating of various cultural influences in food
creates fusion concepts that diversify the array of food
available for consumers → hybridised food culture
How countries respond to the tension caused by homogenisation and hybridisation in food:
Resistance
from countries who do not welcome the change in their food landscape as it is perceived to threaten local cultures by reducing cultural diversity.
Measures → protect the culinary heritage of their country → collaborations with other countries → protect diversity in the food landscape e.g. Eurotoquesis a self help organisation formed by top chefs across the Europe to promote food quality and protect culinary heritage →
promote culinary heritage
(local)→ more popular →
threat is reduced
→ resistance to foreign food culture will decrease
Measures protect the culinary heritage of their country by seeking international recognition → enable better promotion of dying food landscape across the world and combat the fast growing competition from fast food chains by seeking UNESCO status for iconic native food items as UNESCO
recognises Intangible Cultural Heritage worth preserving
, including food ways. e.g. French cuisine has been on the decline in recent years as it is being
overshadowed by fast food chains
. However, it was
officially recognised as Intangible Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO
in 2010→
promoting its cultural value
and hence popularity across the world → threat to it is reduced → resistance to foreign food culture will decrease