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AEC HORMONES AND BEHAVIOUR - Coggle Diagram
AEC HORMONES AND BEHAVIOUR
intro
d
ethical considerations are guidelines put in place to protect the rights and welfare of participants
hormones and behaviour is the study of chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream from the endocrine glands, which control major bodily functions and their impact on behaviour and responses
e
ethical considerations to protect animals were created in the 1950s and include: reduction, replacement and refinement. These ethical considerations aim to protect the animals within the experiment to ensure that only a necessary amount of them are used, that when possible alternative subjects are used and if they are used and if they are used that they are cared for and experience as little harm as possible. These guidelines are evident in all animal studies, including those which aim to investigate concepts such as hormones.
a
c
This essay will give a balanced review of two animal studies and the ethical considerations that have been met or broken within them.
s
The studies that will be explained in this essay are: Berthold (1849) and Brady (1958)
berthold (1849)
aim
to investigate the effects of testosterone and its role in aggression in castrated roosters
rm
lab experiment
highly controlled conditions where accurate measurements are possible, the participants are randomly allocated to the IV
p
6 healthy roosters divided into 3 groups of 2; 1 - control group, roosters left castrated (removing testes and stopping testosterone production), 2- transplanted with testicles of another rooster, 3 - replanted with their own testicles
f
castrated roosters displayed less masculine and less aggressive behaviour (lack of crowing, fighting and desire to mate), replanted group behaved like normal, autopsy revealed testicles did not re-establish nerve connections but they did re-establish blood flow
linking
berthold demonstrates that testosterone has an effect on aggressive behaviour. this is seen when the roosters without their testes were less aggressive, less masculine and less interest in mating compared to the roosters with continuous blood flow after they had their testes reattached. this is important because although nerve connections were not re-established, blood flow was, and testosterone levels were higher because hormones travel in the bloodstream. therefore, this shows hormones have a role on behaviour.
ec
Berthold has met the ethical consideration of reduction. For example, six roosters were used in the experiment. This is important because, to increase the reliability of the findings from each condition, two roosters were exposed to a different manipulation of the IV. If less animals were used, this would reduce the causality of the findings and potentially be the result of a correlation. Therefore, ethical considerations are met when examining hormones and behaviour.
brady (1958)
aim
to investigate the effect of high stress of receiving electric shocks would lead to stress related illness (ulcers)
rm
lab
highly controlled conditions where accurate measurements are possible, participants are randomly allocated to the IV
p
8 monkeys tested in pairs; electric shock on feet - executive; given a lever they could pull to stop the shock, yoked; received same amount of shocks with no control , shocks were given within 20 second intervals for 6 hours lasting 3 weeks
f
executive monkeys developed severe gastric ulceration and died within 23 days, yoked stayed healthy
linking
brady demonstrates that cortisol does affect gastric ulceration. for example, the yoked group had to accept the electric shock so had lower levels of cortisol compared to the executive group who had an opportunity of avoidance, meaning they had higher levels of cortisol. this is important because as the levels of cortisol in the executive group increases, the monkeys begin to die from gastric ulceration, as it is a stress related illness and cortisol is the stress hormone. therefore ...
ec
brady break the ethical consideration of refinement. For example, the executive monkeys started to die from gastric ulceration after 23 days. This is an issue because Brady had to harm the monkeys to see the effect of cortisol on stress-related illness. To rectify this, the experiment could have stopped after symptoms appeared, as this still would have provided a causal relationship between the cortisol and the gastric ulceration. The monkeys could have also been treated for their illnesses to ensure they endured no more harm. Therefore, ethical considerations are not met when examining hormones and behaviour