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English Phonology, Extra information, More, Spanish Phonology - Coggle…
English Phonology
Phonemes & Allophones
Consonants
Plosives
Voiced
/b/
[b̥]
/d/
[d] devoiced
/g/
[ɡ̊]
Voiceless
/p/
[p=]
[pʰ]
/t/
[t=]
[tʰ]
/k/
[k=]
[kʰ]
Fricatives
Voiced
/v/
/ð/
/z/
/ʒ/
Voiceless
/f/
/s/
/ʃ/
/h/
/θ/
Affricates
Voiceless
/tʃ/
Voiced
/dʒ/
Lateral
Voiced
/l/
[l]
[ɫ]
[l̥]
Nasals
Voiced
/ɳ/
/n/
/m/
Vowels
Pure vowels
/i:/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /u:/, /e/, /ə/, /ɜ:/, /ɔ:/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ɑ:/ /ɒ/
Semi-vowels
Voiced
/w/
/j/
/r/
Distribution
Consonants
Plosives
Voiced
/b/
no restriction in distribution
/d/
no restriction in distribution
/g/
no restriction in distribution
Voiceless
/k/
no restriction in distribution
/p/
no restriction in distribution
/t/
no restriction in distribution
Nasals
Voiced
/m/
no restriction in distribution
/ɳ/
impossible in initial position and in initial cluster
/n/
no restriction in distribution
Fricatives
Voiced
/v/
impossible in initial cluster
/ð/
impossible in initial cluster
/z/
impossible in initial cluster
/ʒ/
impossible in initial position (exception: genre) and initial cluster
Voiclesss
/s/
no restriction in distribution
/f/
no restriction in distribution
/h/
impossible in final position and in final cluster
/θ/
no restriction in distribution
/ʃ/
no restriction in distribution
link to escueladigital2.mendoza.edu.ar
Lateral
Voiced
/l/
no restriction in distribution
Affricates
Voiced
/dʒ/
impossible in initial cluster
Voiceless
/tʃ/
impossible in initial cluster
Vowels
Pure vowels
/æ/
short strong vowel impossible in final position
/ɑ:/
it has no restriction in distribution
/e/
short strong vowel impossible in final position
/i:/
it has no restriction in distribution
/ə/
impossible in stressed syllables
/ɪ/
it has no restriction in distribtution
/ɜ:/
it has no restriction in distribution
/ʌ/
impossible in final position
/ɔː/
it has no restriction in distribution
/ɒ/
short strong vowel impossible in final position
/u:/
very rare in initial position, but it has no restriction
/u/
as a short strong vowel, it never occurs in final position (except in the weak form of you, who, to, into)
Semi-vowels
/w/
impossible in final position and in final cluster
/j/
impossible in final position and in final cluster
/r/
being RP a non-rhotic accent,it can only occur before vowels
impossible in final cluster
Extra information
initial position: [ˈbino] vino ‘wine’, [ˈdoj] doy ‘I give’, [ˈgoma] goma ‘rubber’
after a nasal consonant: [ˈambos] ambos ‘both’, [ˈan̪do] ando ‘I walk’, [ˈteŋgo] tengo ‘I have’
in the case of [d], after [l]: [ˈtoldo] toldo ‘awning’
the stops are restricted to the following contexts:
More
Fricatives, in contrast, have the following distribution:
after a vowel: [aˈβeɾ] haber ‘to have’, [ˈloðo] lodo ‘mud’, [ˈlaɣo] lago ‘lake’
after consonants other than nasals or, in the case of [ð], laterals: [ˈalβa] alba ‘dawn’, [ˈaɾðe] arde ‘burns’, [ˈalɣo] algo ‘something’
Spanish Phonology
Phonemes & Allophones
Consonants
Vibrante
Simple
/ɾ/
Múltiple
/r/
neutral R (allophone
Lateral
Sonora / Voiced
/l/
/ʎ/
Oclusiva
Sonora / Voiced
/b/ - [b] [β]
/g/ - [g] [ɤ]
/d/ - [d] [ð] [Ø] (éste último cuando se habla vulgarmente)
Sorda / Voiceless
/p/
/t/
/k/
Fricativa
Sorda / Voiceless
/f/
[f]
[v]
[β]
/θ/
[θ]
[ð]
/s/
[s]
[z]
/x/
glottal
Y (the allophone)
Africada
Sonora / Voiced
/ɟ/ (similar drawing)
Sorda / Voiceless
/tʃ/
Nasal
Sonora / Voiced
/m/
/n/
[n]
[nj]
[n̪]
[ɱ]
[ŋ]
[m]
/ɲ/
Vowels
i (front)
o (back)
e (front)
a (central)
u (back)
Distribution
Consonants
Oclusiva
Sonora
/b/
[b]
initial position (after pause), after nasal
[β]
/d/
[ð]
no restrictions in distribution
[d]
only occurs after a pause («dar»), /l/ («falda») or /n/ («funda»)
/g/
[g]
[ɤ]
Sorda
/p/
[p]
no restriction in distribution
/t/
[t]
no restriction in distribution
/k/
[k]
no restriction in distribution
Fricativa
Sorda
/f/
rare in final position. However, it is used in final position in word borrowed from other languages such as "chef" or "surf."
/s/
/x/
/θ/
Africada
Sonora
/ɟ/ (similar drawing)
Sorda
/c/ (tʃ) in spelling CH
Nasal
Sonora
/m/
/n/
[nj]
before the palato alveolar
[ɱ]
before a labio dental
[n]
in between vowels, at the beginning of a word
[m]
before the labio dental
[n̪]
before a dental
[ŋ]
before a velar
/ɲ/
cuando aparece en forma "-ng", ocurre al final de la palabra,
Lateral
Sonora / Voiced
/l/
/ʎ/
Vibrante
Simple
/ɾ/
when there is only one "R" in spelling, except in initial position. Cases: a. Between vowels, as in "pera." b. As the last element of a syllable as in "tarta." c. In final position as in "haber." d. In clusters as in "padre."
Múltiple
/r/
when we can see "RR" in spelling as in "tierra." 2. In initial position, as in "regalo." 3. When in spelling an "r" is preceded by "N", "L" or "S," examples: enredo, alrededor, Israel.
Vowels
/a/
/e/
/i/ - [j]
can occur immediately before or immediately after the vowel with which it forms a diphthong
[tjera] tierra ‘land’ (before a vowel)
[bojna] boina ‘beret’ (after a vowel)
/o/
/u/ - [w]
can occur immediately before or immediately after the vowel with which it forms a diphthong
[fweɣo] fuego ‘fire’ (before a vowel)
[ewɾopa] Europa ‘Europe’ (after a vowel)