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Geology, Geology, Geology, Geology, Geology, Geology, Geology, Geology -…
Geology
Asthenosphere
the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur.
Clast
A constituent fragment of a clastic rock.
Constructive forces
Processes that cause the Earth's surface to build up or rise.
Continental crust
The relatively thick part of the earth's crust that forms the large landmasses. It is generally older and more complex than the oceanic crust.
contour
Contour lines, or lines which connect points of equal elevation,
Convection current
A current in a fluid that results from convection.
core - inner & outer
Inner core- is under intense pressure, which keeps it solid despite high temperatures.
outer core- The outer core, which is liquid, is about 1300 miles
crust
the outermost layer of a planet.
density
mass of a unit volume of a material substance
destructive forces
The process of breaking down of rocks and land due to forces such as gravity, wind, water and ice.
extrusive
igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out
Felsic
relating to or denoting a group of light-colored minerals including feldspar, feldspathoids, quartz, and muscovite.
Foliated
repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks
geology
The science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it.
geosphere
any of the almost spherical concentric regions of matter that make up the earth and its atmosphere, as the lithosphere and hydrosphere.
igneous
relating to or involving volcanic processes.
intrusive
rock is formed when magma penetrates existing rock, crystallizes, and solidifies underground to form intrusions
lava
magma once it has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet or a moon onto its surface.
Geology
erosion
the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.
extraction
a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix
fossil fuel
a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.
harvesting
he collecting of cells, organisms, or the growth medium upon which an experimental population had grown, so that the collection can be analysed or so biochemicals can be extracted from it.
human impact
overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation.
loam
soil composed mostly of sand, silt, and a smaller amount of clay.
mineral deposit
a mineral occurrence of sufficient size and grade that it might, under the most favorable of circumstances, be considered to have economic potential.
mineral resource
a concentration or occurrence of solid material of economic interest in or on the Earth's crust in such form, grade or quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction.
mining
the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth,
natural resources
resources that are drawn from nature and used without much modifications
ore
natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals, typically containing metals, that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit.
overgrazing
when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods.
physical weathering
the process that breaks rocks apart without changing their chemical composition.
Geology
effusive eruption
a type of volcanic eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a volcano onto the ground
epicenter
the location directly above it on the surface of the earth
evolution
the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations
fault
a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements
fissure
a small tear in the thin, moist tissue (mucosa) that lines the anus
focus
a point at which rays of light, heat, or other radiation meet after being refracted or reflected.”
foreshock
a mild tremor preceding the violent shaking movement of an earthquake.
fossil
any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
hot spot
a large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth.
hot spot
a large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth.
magma chamber
a large pool of liquid rock beneath the surface of the Earth.
orogenesis (orogeny)
the process of mountain building
Geology
orogenesis (orogeny)
the process of mountain building
pahoehoe lava
a lava flow with a smooth, ropy surface.
paleomagnetism
the branch of geophysics concerned with the magnetism in rocks that was induced by the earth's magnetic field at the time of their formation.
Pangaea
gigantic continent
pluton
body of intrusive igneous rock
pyroclastic flow
a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that flows along the ground away from a volcano at average speeds of 100 km/h but is capable of reaching speeds up to 700 km/h.
seismic waves
waves of energy that travel through Earth's layers
seismogram
It is a record of the ground motion at a measuring station as a function of time
seismograph
A seismometer is an instrument that responds to ground noises and shaking such as caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions.
shield volcano
a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling a warrior's shield lying on the ground.
sill
a shelf or slab of stone, wood, or metal at the foot of a window or doorway.
subduction
a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries.
Geology
summit
the highest point of a hill or mountain.
theory of plate tectonics
generally accepted scientific theory that considers the Earth's lithosphere to comprise a number of large tectonic plates which have been slowly moving since about 3.4 billion years ago.
transform-fault boundary
a fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal.
vent
An opening, and the conduit leading to it, in the side or at the top of a volcano, permitting the escape of fumes, a liquid, a gas, or steam
agriculture
is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock.
acreage
an area of land, typically when used for agricultural purposes, but not necessarily measured in acres.
alternative resources
geothermal power, wave energy, hydroelectric energy, solar thermal energy and even space solar energy.
chemical weathering
the erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, etc., caused by chemical reactions (chiefly with water and substances dissolved in it) rather than by mechanical processes.
deforestation
the purposeful clearing of forested land.
drilling
a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials
energy technologies
an interdisciplinary engineering science having to do with the efficient, safe, environmentally friendly, and economical extraction, conversion, transportation, storage, and use of energy
environmental impact
issues are effects of human activity on the biophysical environment, most often of which are harmful effects that cause environmental degradation.
Geology
mantle – upper & lower
Upper Mantle
The upper mantle of Earth is a very thick layer of rock inside the planet, which begins just beneath the crust and ends at the top of the lower mantle
Lower Mantle
historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core.
lithosphere
the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
Mafic
relating to, denoting, or containing a group of dark-colored, mainly ferromagnesian minerals such as pyroxene and olivine.
magma
hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling.
map
a diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features, cities, roads, etc.
metamorphic
denoting or relating to rock that has undergone transformation by heat, pressure, or other natural agencies, e.g. in the folding of strata or the nearby intrusion of igneous rocks.
mineral
a solid chemical compound with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form
oceanic crust
The uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic plates
rock cycle
is a basic concept in geology that describes transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous
sedimentary
(of rock) that has formed from sediment deposited by water or air.
topography
the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area.
Geology
population growth
the increase in the number of people in a population
c-horizon
are sediment, saprolite, bedrock, and other geologic materials that are moderately cemented or less cemented
sediment
a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles
soil
the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles.
soil horizons
a layer parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath
o-horizon
the layer of loose leaves and organic debris at the surface of soil.
a-horizon
This is a weathered layer that contains an accumulation of humus and microbial biomass that is mixed with small-grained minerals to form aggregate structures.
B-horizon
This is the layer that we call "subsoil" and it is located just below the A Horizon. This layer has clay and mineral deposits and less organic materials than the layers above it.
sustainability
a normative concept that stresses intergenerational equity and is commonly considered to have three dimensions: the environmental, economic and social dimension.
urbanization
the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change
Geology
cinder cone volcano
a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or cinder that has been built around a volcanic vent.
composite cone (stratovolcano)
is a conical volcano built up by many layers of hardened lava and tephra.
conduit
a channel for conveying water or other fluid.
continental drift theory
the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed
convergent plate boundary
an area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide.
crater
An impact crater is a depression in the surface of a planet, moon, or other solid body in the Solar System or elsewhere, formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller body.
dike
a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body. Dikes can be either magmatic or sedimentary in origin
divergent plate boundary
divergent plate boundary is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.