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DNA and proteins - Coggle Diagram
DNA and proteins
biotechnology
CRISPR
uses CAS9 protein to add, edit, and remove DNA
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PCR
denaturation 90-95: solution is heated to this temperature so that hydrogen bonds in DNA strands will break.
annealing 55-65: Cools the reaction so that primers can come in and attach to their complementary sequences
extension 72: raise reaction temperature to optimum for TAQ DNA polymerase, extending primers to synthesise new DNA strands
errors with process: no product produced, too many products produced, incorrect products produced, low yield of product
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restriction enzymes
sticky ends, has overhang
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protein structure
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tertiary
interaction of amino acid side chains and water resulting in folding of the protein through ionic, hydrogen, and disulfide bonds
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enzymes
anabolic, endothermic reaction
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catabolic, exothermic reaction
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induced-fit model
active site changes shape to mold to the substrate better if it's not a perfect fit. Does not permenately change the enzyme
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phenotypic expression
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DNA methylation
when a methyl side chain is added onto a cytosine base. this suppresses the gene as coiling is caused.
mutation
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mutations cause permanent changes to the DNA sequence, which changes the proteins and genes being produced. This causes change in characteristics
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haemophilia, an x-linked recessive condition
Dna replication
transcription
RNA uses RNA polymerase to transcribe the template DNA strand by copying the coding strand. This becomes an mRNA strand which leaves through the pores in the nuclear membrane.
translation
The mRNA combines with a ribosome to form rRNA. It reads the strand by codons and has tRNA transport the complementary anticodon to the mRNA codon. Through this interaction, a polypeptide is formed until a stop codon is reached at which the polypeptide is finished.
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DNA structure wording
eukaryote, linear and is in chromatin form when in the nucleus and bound to the membrane.
prokaryote, singular, circular, unbound in the cytosol
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epigenetics
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cancer, uncontrolled cell growth
caused by changes in oncogenes, cancer suppressor genes, and proto-oncogenes
fragile x syndrome, changes to FRM1 gene, causes disabilities