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Bicultural Applications - Coggle Diagram
Bicultural Applications
Ch 8: Drinking from the Same Well by Johnson
"Culture mediates pain and suffering." Western=separate physical from the emotional and spiritual; non-Western=holistic approach (p123)
"Eurocentric worldview posits that human beings ought to be able to control and eradicate suffering" (124). "often experience undue stress in their attempts to use science alone to control or eradicate suffering" (125). Yes, look at the pharmaceutical industry and the level of pain meds. eg. My son couldn't believe that his whole face went numb when he got a new filling for his tooth.
non-Western "see pain as something that is to be expected and usually has something to teach us" (124) The have a more of a "holistic understanding of the relationship between the supernatural and the natural" (125).
"the spiritual leader, in whatever culture, considers the whole person, and that person's web of interrelationships in every situation" (126).
"universal shamanic tradition" 3 approaches: heavy reliance on use of communal, group, family; spiritual/religious beliefs/traditions; use of shamans" (127-128)
"goal is to right the imbalance of harmony"; this includes the "larger matrix of relationships" as well as the "invisible [and] visible aspects of reality" "The healer ...is a kind of mediator with the divine in the pursuit of the restoration of harmony" (128)
6 guidelines on p129 to help embrace the holistic approach - I'm not against seeking advice or utilize services of traditional healer, but not sure how this works as a Christian. Need more examples.
"the whole issue of human suffering and healing can be described as an issue of spiritual power" (130) p. 131 - process takes: faith, confession, suggestion, and group support
Western individuals are searching for alternatives to standard methods of treating illnesses (131) - Jesus' healing was holistic and unfortunately by the 4th century the early church stopped (134), but it is having a comeback with non-Westerners (135)
Ch 6: Interviewing Clients Across Cultures by Fontes
humility - apologize that you do not speak their native language. (112)
Get an interpreter if they ask for one (113) Orgs in the US that get federal money are required by law to provide interpreters, forms in the language needed, and other ways to help those who do not speak English fluently (128)
Guidelines to help interview people with limited English p113
Memory is tricky. Stressful situations are usually easier to remember, except that of trauma and those usually come as nightmares, flashbacks, etc (116)
Some studies done on bilingualism and memory...very interesting (17-120) - "choice of language used in an interview may have a crucial impact on the quality and quantity of information obtained" (120)
language affects how a person seems to be (120), may be lively in first language and quiet and reserved in second. Feeling of inadequacy, but also may not have vocab in that area and reserved (121)
Don't use abstract phrases because hard to grasp in second language...(123) Emotions are included in this...as the emotion may be translated differently, or have a different worldview about a specific emotion (124-125)
4 ways to interview: 1. English only (easiest, but slow and may not be completely understood 2. use only language the client knows (must make sure the person conducting the interview is qualified in skill, not just language) 3. Bilingual interview (author believes best choice) 4. Use interpreter (ch 7).
Ch 7: Interviewing Clients Across Cultures by Fontes
Interpreter has power: should be neutral, but usually isn't; they edit and embellish for both parties (p142)
need professionally trained interpreter (143)
Telephone interpreting services - use only as last resort (146)
Avoid informal interpreters (147) NO family members unless "explicit direct request of the interviewee" (149) NO children (150)
guidelines to prepare interpreter (152-153)
translate, not interpret the culture unless you are unfamiliar with culture (154)
Must stop interview if interpreter is unclear anything of a translation and let both parties know. (155)
Role: just translate, no influence, confidentiality, (157)
Conversation: semantic equivalence is difficult (159); takes longer (159); interviewer speak to interviewee not interpreter (160); simultaneous is not recommended because too much talking going on at the same time, but does make it quicker and more natural (161)
interpreting is hard work (162)
pp164-165 Guidelines conducting interviews using interpreters
Ch 8:Interviewing Clients Across Cultures by Fontes
personal matters may not be discussed directly if at all (169)
Child abuse - avoid using judgmental words when inquiring about such matters b/c very sensitive topic, plus what is acceptable in one culture may not be in another one - also sexual abuse needs to be approached slowly and gently (184-185)
intimate partner violence=gender neutral wife battering - p187 lists some questions to ask in a nonthreatening way
sexual assault - gentle words, patience leaving a door open so that client knows they can always discuss it when they are ready and feel safe. A lot of shame and fear. (188-189)
gauge if the silence is comfortable or not for the client (190-192) this page also has some good comments to help with this
What does the silence mean? could be cultural pause; lack of comprehension, too "befundled" to speak; topic too "disrespectful"; disagree or don't want to correct the counselor; emphasize significance of topic; fear (170-171)
information could be owned collectively and so hesitant to share information with outsiders (173)
Some information may need to be secretive as to protect the family/community (174)
Find out what topics are taboo in the culture (175)
Substance abuse...some are more stigmatized than others (178) some cultures rituals use alcohol freely; some cultures drink for celebrations and/or with a meal (180)
Talking about substance abuse can be tricky - religion, ethnic group, so need to be careful how we talk about it so not to insult or bring a threat (182)
treatment of substance abuse - not everyone fits into a program, may need to adapt programs for different needs (183)
get comfortable with the hard topics by repeating the words outloud; be aware of your own cultural taboos and work through those as you will need to discuss them at some point; review tapes of colleagues' work; conduct role-play with colleague in front of video