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Into to Neuro (Osteology and Head Anatomy), Label the Vertebrae …

- - - - Development of the Skull
        
        Bones of the Neurocranium develop via Intra-Membranous Ossification
        
        Most the Cranial Base develops via Endochondral Ossification
        
        Cranium of a neonate is disproportionately large compared to other parts of the skeleton
        
        For example: Facial region of the neonate is relatively small compared to the Cranium of the neonate
        
        Cranial Fontanelles
        Describe the Fontanelles
        
        Fontanelles are the regions between the still-growing cranial bones not occupied by cranial bones due to on-going ossification or sutures not being fully formed
        
        Fontanelles close at different rates around 18-24 months
        
        List the Cranial Fontanelles
        
        Anterior Fontanelle
        
        Between the Frontal Bone and two Parietal Bones
        
        Posterior Fontanelle
        
        Between the two Parietal Bones and Occipital Bone
        
        Sphenoid Fontanelle
        
        Mastoid Fontanelle
        
        Major Sutures of the Skull
        List the Major Sutures of the Skull
        
        Sutures close the Fontanelles of the skull
        
        Coronal Suture
        
        Closes the Anterior Fontanelle joining the Frontal Bone to the two Parietal Bones
        
        Sagittal Suture
        
        Closes the space between the 2 Parietal Bones and joins them
        
        Lambdoid Suture
        
        Closes the Posterior Fontanelle joining the Occipital Bones to the two Parietal Bones
        
        Developmental Errors of Cranial Sutures
        Describe the Developmental Errors of Cranial Sutures
        
        Premature closure of the Cranial Sutures does NOT affect brain development
        
        Scaphoncephaly
        
        Scaphoncephaly is the premature closure of the Sagittal Suture
        
        This results in an absent or very small Anterior Fontanelle
        
        Long, narrow, wedge-shaped Cranium
        
        Plagiocephaly
        
        Plagiocephaly is the premature closure of the Coronal Suture on one side of the Cranium
        
        This results in a twisted and asymmetrical Cranium
        
        Oxycephaly
        
        Oxycephaly is the premature closure of the Coronal Suture on both sides
        
        This results in a dome-like Cranium
        
        Craniometric Points and Relevance
        List the important Craniometric Points
        
        Orbitomeatal Plane (Frankfurt Horizontal Plane)
        
        Orbitomeatal Plan is the correct anatomical position of the head
        
        Orbitomeatal Plane extends from the Inferior Margin of the Orbit to the Superior Margin of the External Acoustic Meatus
        
        This means that the Inferior Margin of the Orbit and the Superior Margin of the External Acoustic Meatus must lie in the same horizontal plane
        
        Pterion
        
        Pterion the Junction of the Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Sphenoid Bone
        
        Pterion overlies the anterior division of the Middle Meningeal Artery
        
        Pterion is a thin bone prone to damage (eg: Hit to Head)
        
        Glabella-Inion
        
        Glabella to Inion is used to measure the infant head dimensions
        
        Glabella is found in the front of the forehead near the brow ridges
        
        Inion is near the External Occipital Protuberance
- - - - Superior Aspect of the Cranium
        List and Label the features of the Superior Aspect of the Cranium
        
        Coronal Suture
        
        Coronal Suture joins the Frontal Bones to the two Parietal Bones
        
        Bregma
        
        Bregma indicates where the Coronal Suture meets the Sagittal Suture
        
        Lambdoid Suture
        
        Lambdoid Suture joins the Occipital Bones to the two Parietal Bones
        
        Vertex
        
        Vertex is a whorl-like pattern created by the Sagittal Suture
        
        Vertex indicates the most Superior Aspect of the Cranium
        
        Vertex lies parallel to the Orbitomeatal Plane
        
        Lambda
        
        Lambda is where the Lambdoid Suture and the Sagittal Suture meet
        
        External Surface of the Cranial Base
        List and Label the aspects of the External Surface of the Cranial Base
        
        ALL the Cranial Bones
        
        Palatine Process of the Maxilla
        
        Horizontal Process of the Palatine Bone
        
        Incisive Fossa of the Maxilla
        
        Incisive Fossa is a depression into which the canal opens
        
        Incisive Fossa hold the Nasal Palatine Nerves
        
        Alveolar Process of the Maxilla
        
        Sphenoid
        
        Occipital Bone
        
        Superior Nuchal Line
        
        External Occipital Crest
        
        Inferior Nuchal Line
        
        External Occipital Protuberance
        
        Jugular Foramen
        
        Occipital Condyle
        
        Internal Surface of the Cranium
        Describe the Internal Surface of the Cranium
        
        Internal Surface of the Cranium is divided into 3 Parts:
        
        Anterior Fossa
        
        Middle Fossa
        
        Posterior Fossa
        
        List and Label the parts of the Internal Surface of the Cranium
        
        Anterior Cranial Fossa
        
        Anterior Cranial Fossa holds the frontal lobes of the brane:
        
        Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid Bone
        
        Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal Foramina
        
        Foramen Caecum
        
        Middle Cranial Fossa:
        
        Optic Canal
        
        Sella Turcica
        
        Middle Cranial Fossa contains a Sella Turcica which is a saddle shaped Structure
        
        Sella Turcica is made up of the following structures:
        
        Tuberculum Sellae
        
        Hypophyseal Fossa
        
        Pituitary Gland is located in the Hypophyseal Fossa
        
        Posterior Clinoid Process
        
        Dorsum Sellae
        
        Crescent of Four Foramina
        
        Crescent of Four Foramina is formed by the following:
        
        Superior Orbital Fissure
        
        Foramen Rotundum
        
        Foramen Ovale
        
        Foramen Spinosum
        
        Opening of the Internal Acoustic Meatus
        
        Posterior Cranial Fossa
        
        Posterior Cranial Fossa houses the Cerebellum and Brain Stem
        
        Foramen Magnum
        
        Spinal Cord goes through the Foramen magnum
        
        Hypoglossal Canal
        
        Internal Occipital Protuberance
        
        Internal Occipital Crest
- - - - Paranasal Sinuses
        List and Label the Paranasal Sinuses
        
        There are 4 types of Paranasal Sinuses named according to the bones they are associated with:
        
        Frontal Sinuses
        
        Ethmoidal Sinuses
        
        Sphenoidal Sinuses
        
        Maxillary Sinuses
        
        Outline why Paranasal Sinuses are important
        
        Paranasal Sinuses are important because they are lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with the Nasal Cavity
        
        Secretions of these mucous membranes drain into the lateral wall of the Nasal Cavity
        
        Paranasal Sinuses allows the skull to increase in size without increasing in weight
        
        Mandible
        Describe the features of the Mandible
        
        Mandible is the largest and strongest facial bone
        
        Mandible has the following components:
        
        Body
        
        Ramus
        
        Angle
        
        Mandibular Notch
        
        Mandibular Foramen
        
        Coronoid Process
        
        Condylar Process
        
        Alveolar Process
        
        Mental Foramen
        
        Temporomandibular Joint
        Outline the Joint formed by the Mandible
        
        Mandible forms a joint with the temporal Bone called the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
        
        Deficiencies in the TMJ area are known as the TMJ Syndrome
        
        Hyoid Bone
        Describe the features of the Hyoid Bone
        
        Hyoid Bone is the U-shaped, free-floating Bone
        
        Hyoid Bone does not articulate with any other Bones
        
        Hyoid Bone is suspended by Ligaments and Muscles
        
        Hyoid Bone is located in the anterior neck between the Mandible and the Larynx
        
        List the Components of the Hyoid Bone
        
        Hyoid Bone has the following components:
        
        Body
        
        Lesser Horns
        
        Greater Horns
        
        Muscles are attached to the Horns of the Hyoid Bone
        
        Hyoid Bone is often fractured during strangulation
- - - - Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
        Outline the features of Lumbar Vertebrae according to Size, Number of Foramina, Spinous Process, Transverse Process, Presence of Articular Facets for Ribs, Direction of Articular Facets, Size of Intervertebral Discs
        
        Size
        
        Lumbar Vertebrae are the largest Vertebrae
        
        Number of Foramina
        
        Lumbar Vertebra have a Vertebral Foramen
        
        Spinous Process
        
        Lumbar vertebra have a short and blunt Spinous Process
        
        Spinous Process projects Posteriorly
        
        Transverse Process
        
        Lumbar Vertebra have a large and blunt Transverse Process
        
        Presence of Articular Facets for Ribs
        
        Absent
        
        Direction of Articular Facets
        
        Superior: Medial
        
        Inferior: Lateral
        
        Size of Intervertebral Discs
        
        Lumbar Vertebra have the thickest Intervertebral Disc
        
        Fractures of the Maxilla and associated Bones
        Outline the Fractures of the Maxilla and associated Bones
        
        Le Fort I
        
        Le Fort I fracture forms a Horizontal-Alveolar Ridge fracture
        
        This fracture passes the bony part of the nasal septum
        
        Le Fort II
        
        Le Fort II fractures forms a Pyramidal-Nasofrontal Fracture
        
        Le Fort III
        
        Le Fort III Fracture passes through the Superior Orbital Fissures
        
        Fractures of the Calvaria
        List the fractures of the Calvaria
        
        Depressed Fracture
        
        In the depressed fracture the bones of the cranium are depressed inwards
        
        Linear Fracture
        
        Linear Fracture is the most common type of fracture
        
        Linear fracture occurs at the point of impact
        
        BUT the fracture lines radiate AWAY from the point of impact
        
        Comminuted Fracture
        
        In a Comminuted Fracture the bone is broken into several pieces
        
        Contrecoup Fracture
        
        In a Contrecoup Fracture the fracture does not occur at the point of impact
        
        Fracture occurs at the opposite side of the Cranium
        
        Basilar Fracture
        
        Fractures of the Mandible
        List and Describe the Fractures of the Mandible
        
        Fracture of the Coronoid Process of the Mandible
        
        These fractures are uncommon and occurs as a single fracture
        
        Fracture of the Neck of the Mandible
        
        This Fracture is often a Transverse or Horizontal Fracture
        
        This fracture is associated with the dislocation of the Temporomandibular Joint on the same side
        
        Fracture of the Angle of the Mandible
        
        Fracture of the Angle of the Mandible is Oblique in nature
        
        Fracture may involve the Bony Socket or Alveolus of the 3rd Molar Tooth
        
        Fracture of the Body of the Mandible
        
        Fracture of the Body of the Mandible usually passes through the Bony Socket of the Canine Tooth