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Technology and Society, image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Seperation of technology from society
      - Integration of sociomaterial assemblage concepts
      - Technology as reflecting social norms
  - - - connection of physical body to digital components
      - Cyborg
      - Wearable computing
    - - Artificial Intelligence
      - Turing test
    - - No human intervention
      - Machine over human labour
      - Costs and problems
      - Disruptive technologies
        
        Social change
        
        Radical change
      - Example
        
        Driverless cars
- - - - neurotrophic Engineering
      - In Vitro Engineering
    - - Within
        
        Personalized health care
        
        Biomarkers
      - Outside
        
        Big data
        
        Biomedical Technologies
        
        Political perspectives
  - - - Miniaturization
      - Autonomy and free-will
      - Is it safe?
      - Nano-medicine
      - Body-area network
    - - Big data
      - Greenfield
      - Digital Universe
      - Ambient intelligence
      - Science and information
      - Persuasive technology
      - Affective computing studies
    - - Non-invasive neurodevice
      - Deep brain stimulation
      - Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- - - - Hunter-gatherer societies
        
        Depended on climate and food availability
        
        meat obtained by hunting and game
        
        Usage of tools were limited to animal butchery, plants and wood
        
        Cave paintings, rock engravings.
        
        Nomadic tribes
      - Neolithic period
        
        Horticultural societies
        
        Simple hand tools used to plant crops
        
        Green revolution
        
        transfer of technology in the realm of agriculture by Norman Borlaug
        
        semi-dwarf, high-yield, disease-resistant wheat varieties
        
        use of agricultural means of food production
        
        characterized as unnatural with health consequences
        
        Replacement of traditional farming methods with large-scale farming
        
        Yields profit for the U.S Agribusiness
        
        Reduction in biodiversity
        
        Pastoral societies
        
        Animals domesticated and bred for food
        
        Tends to be more prominent in less fertile areas
        
        Agrarian Societies
        
        Replaced horticulturists societies
        
        Plows harnessed to animals used for farming
        
        More efficient and larger scale agriculture
        
        Gender inequalities
        
        These methods led to the sustainability of larger populations
        
        Neolithic revolution marked the emergence of social roles, class and work relations
    - - Smelting of iron, lever, Invention of screws in Greece
      - Concentration in cities and improved food production
      - Beginning of technological innovations and not tools
      - Study of perspective effects
      - Developments had enormous social significanc
      - amphitheaters, aqueducts, tunnels, vaults, dome.
    - - Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press
      - mass production, mass distribution & mass audience
      - Printing press
        
        spreading literacy
        
        commoditization of information
        
        codifying language
      - Manuscripts or scribal culture
      - Woodblock printing from China in Europe
        
        Lacked uniform standardization
      - Oral transmissions to processing information from textual communications
      - Lowered the cost purchase of books
    - - Change in societal views on technology
      - Creation of Encyclopedia
        
        Universal dictionary of human knowledge
        
        28 Volumes
      - Presentation of technologies through detailed diagrams
      - Encouraged readers to see mechanical arts
      - Technological transfer
        
        artisan can learn through careful observation.
      - French Revolution in the 18th century:
        
        Technological advances linked with military objectives and war
        
        Threats posed by military technologies
        
        Adverse effects on the population in WW1 &WW2
    - - Three key industries
        
        Textile
        
        Steam engine
        
        Steel
      - Revolting against Technology
      - Radical changes in work processes
        
        human-machine interaction
        
        worker-employer relationships
      - Increase in employment rates
      - Unregulated workforce of women and children labour
      - Machine seen as actors
      - Social disparity and disrupting working conditions
      - Workers viewed machines as a threat to standard living, employment, wages and working conditions.
      - machine breaking
        
        to put pressure on employers to improve wages and working conditions
        
        direct hostility towards machines
      - change in the social structure
        
        Interplay between technology and the existing social system
    - - Changes in 18th and 19th century mass media
      - Marshall McLuhan
        
        Probes
        
        effects of mass media on society
        
        shapes thinking process and understanding of the world.
        
        "the medium is the message"
        
        medium shapes how society interact with information
        
        shapes the structure of the society
      - Mass media; cinema, radio, television
      - Global village
        
        connection between television and the society
      - Hot media
        
        Books
        
        well defined information
      - Cool media
        
        Television
        
        less information
    - - Smartphones and selfie culture
        
        central to young people’s social life
        
        influencing their social-concepts
        
        Influencing their social networks
        
        Influencing their habits and cultural preferences
        
        Involves:
        
        multimedia interactive
        
        Easy use
        
        customization and multi-purpose usage
        
        Now central to daily life
        
        Created new culture of self representation
        
        Selfie culture
        
        how young people present diff aspects of themselves
        
        Visually impaired teens participating in the selfie cultur
        
        New business in the social world
        
        collection, storage and analysis of big data
      - Big data and data science
        
        Angela Merkel
        
        “Data will be the raw material of the 21st century”
        
        Collection of data as core business model for security
        
        increasing reliance on data for decision making
        
        Big data is no longer restricted to digitally collected information
        
        Data science
        
        designs comprehensive research methodologies to examine big data.
        
        Unstructured and non-numeric
        
        Can't be analyzed with algorithms but requires a data scientist to observe and study.
        
        Advantages
        
        Provides overview of trends and developments
        
        Nowcasting
        
        show how a political, social and economic phenomenon is developing in real time
        
        Predictive analysis
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Privacy issue problems
        
        Lack of transparency and accountability
  - - - used in hard drives for data storage
- - - - Information
        
        Algorithms
        
        Singulatrian technologies
        
        culture
  - - - Very intelligent AI
  - - - Physics/Chemistry Appear
      - Development of Biology
      - Rise of the Brain
      - Information in Design/Technology
      - Merger of Human Intelligence and Technology
      - The Universe wakes up
    - - Weberian theory
      - Disenchantements
    - - Creating super beings
- - - - System centered
      - Extremely powerful
      - Unstable
    - - Man-centered
      - Weak
      - Durable
  - - - Technology that resolves issues in its community
      - Technology that requires certain political relationships
  - - - mechanical tomato harvester
        
        Faster but with less tasty tomatoes
- - - - Less privacy
  - - - Selfie culture
      - Snapchat
    - - Persistence
      - Searchability
      - Replicability
      - Invisible audience
      - Self comparison
      - Feedback seeking
    - - Learning about personality and interests
      - screening partners
      - Relationship status and sexual orientation
      - Difficulty in breaking up
    - - narrative of the dead person’s life
      - Public expression of loss
      - Praise for the deceased
  - - - Depends on context
      - Drama is regarded as normal
      - Power, repetition and outcome
    - - Perpetrators
      - Take advantage
      - Produce creative harms
      - Anonymity on the Internet
    - - Targets of cyberbullies
      - experience emotional and virtual harm
      - Inability to escape on social media
    - - Witnesses of cyberbullying
      - Outsiders
      - Reinforcers
      - Assistants
      - Defenders
- - - - Supporting fertility choices
      - Easing the burden of household work
      - Flexible work environments for women
    - - Dependency on existing technologies
      - Having fewer choices
      - Enslavement
    - - Active participants
      - Integration into technological debate
  - - - housework as being privatized
      - Decentralized
      - Labour intensive
    - - Assists homemakers
    - - Made cleanliness as source of happiness
    - - Women considered as users only
      - Exclusion from development of tools
      - men seen as maintaining technology
    - - Social media for social change
        
        Attention to key societal issues
        
        MeToo movement
        
        Changes can be slow and discriminatory
        
        Embedded and coded in design of tool
        
        Lines of codes are not value-neutral
        
        Facebook gave limited gender choice to users
        
        users coded as binary for data purposes
  - - - Women placed in position deemed as feminine
      - Such as a secretary job
    - - Work long hours
      - minimum wage
  - - - Disregarding body in design of technology
      - All bodies are not the same
      - Body erasure is problematic
  - - - Big data
      - Gender
      - Sexism
    - - Big in volume, velocity and variety
      - Mythology
        
        Offers higher form of intelligence
        
        Generates insights that were previously impossible
        
        big data is framed by assumptions
        
        Predicting future
      - Big data renders human enterprise irrelevant
    - - Transgender has no fixed meaning
      - Difficulties with information system
        
        Online forms with only female and male options
        
        Dating sites
        
        Changing names
      - Intersectional issues
        
        Racism
        
        Ableism
        
        Classism
        
        Homophobia
      - Illusion of objectivity reality
        
        Excluding groups to ensure normality
- - - - Instrumentalism
      - Susbtantialism
      - Critical theory
      - Determinism
  - - - Humans
      - Corporations
      - Institutions
      - technologies
    - - Changes in technology and relationship
    - - Rock climbing gears
      - Iphones
- - - - Inaccess to use of computers and digital tools
        
        Inaccess to internet
      - age
      - Gender
      - Education
      - rural/urban
      - ethnicity
      - Income
    - - Costs of technological tools
      - Access to connection service
    - - Access divide
        
        Access to internet
        
        Type of access
        
        Location
        
        Frequency of use
        
        First miles project
      - Skills divide
        
        Technical competence
        
        Skills divide
      - Economic opportunity divide
        
        Beliefs and attitudes towards access to digital technologies
        
        Examples
        
        Finding job
        
        Obtaining health information
        
        Online courses
      - Democratic divide
        
        internet for political engagement
        
        Researching political information
        
        communicating with government
      - Social media divide
        
        Gap in social networking sites
        
        Tied to identity management
        
        Information access
        
        Creation of social and cultural capital
        
        Cultural capital allows individual to show credibility
        
        Belong to social groups
        
        Social capital are resources
        
        Available through social networks
    - - Macro-level
        
        Lackofinfrastructure
        
        Lack of support
        
        Cultural barriers
        
        Electricitysupply
        
        Political barriers
      - Micro-level
        
        Relevance
        
        Economic barriers
        
        Illiteracy
        
        Poor computing skills
      - Barriers often linked to inequalities
- - - - United by preexisting bond
      - Cohesive social entity
      - E.g Family ties
    - - Loose connections
      - Goal oriented bonds
      - E.g nation state
  - - - Fewer opportunities to socialize
      - Long hours
      - New modes of transportation and communication
      - Turkle's key concepts
        
        Alone together
        
        Being together but on device
        
        Togetherness
        
        enjoying each other's company
      - Pastoral communities
    - - Friendship and families
      - Healthy community
      - does not consider changes in society after industrial revolution
    - - Radical transformations
      - New dimensions
      - unbounded networks
  - - - stimulates positive change
      - spans geographic boundaries
    - - Draws people away from environment
      - Alienates citizens
      - effects on the public sphere
    - - Integration into everyday life.
    - - Rich getting richer
      - Networked individualism
        
        Social connectivity
        
        Socially Connected Individuals
        
        Networked Individuals
        
        Socially Limited Individuals
  - - - Various media converge and blur
      - The commercialization of the media
- - - - Issues
        
        Surveillance by governments
        
        Selling data
        
        Data controlled by legislation
        
        Cost
  - - - Hierarchial observation
      - Network of gazes
      - Discipline
    - - Means of discipline
      - Economic factor for monitoring
      - Dismisses social motives
    - - Fundamental shift
        
        Knowledge
        
        Growing impersonality
        
        Enhanced control
  - - - Functional view
      - Cultural view
      - Revolutionary view
  - - - Misuse of personal information
      - Social vs institutional
      - Privacy paradox
    - - Sousveillance
        
        Inverse surveillance
        
        Grasroot movements
        
        Refletionalism