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Psychopathology, serotonin-- if a person has low levels of serotonin then…

- - - - IQ- the average iq is 100- only 2% score below 70, they would be considered abnormal- liable to receive a diagnosis of a psychological disorder.
- - - - traumatic for patients- patients are often unwilling to see it through until the end- limitation of flooding because time and money are sometimes wasted preparing patients only to have them refuse to start or complete treatment.
- - - - identical twins showed concordance rate of 87% for obsessive symptoms compared to 47% in fraternal twins. suggests that genetic factors are moderately important.
        
        however this could be due to nurture, identical twins are not likely to experience a more similar environment than fraternal twins as they tend to be treated the same.
      - genes alone do not determine who will develop OCD, they only create vulnerability. they are not a direct cause, evidence that suggests this is that concordance rates are not 100% therefore OCD is due to an interaction of genetic and other factors.
      - strength- choy et al- serotonin can cause old at low levels, chow tested SSRI's a type of drug that blocks reuptake of serotonin, found successful in most patients, this shows that low levels of serotonin are linked with OCD.
- - - - little Albert- when the rat was presented they made a loud frightening noise close to alberts ears. this is an unconditioned stimulus which creates an unconditioned response of fear, when the rat (NS) and unconditioned stimulus are encountered close together, the NS becomes associated with the UCS and now both produce the fear response.
      - they tested Albert by showing similar furry objects, he showed distress at all of these.
    - - operant conditioning takes place when our behaviour is reinforced or punished. reinforcement tends to increase the frequency of a heabhviour. negative reinforcement- individual avoids a situation that is unpleasant-
    - - some evolutionary factors probably have an important role in phobias but the two factor theory does not mention this.
      - we easily acquire phobias of things that have been a source of danger in our evolutionary past, such as fears of snakes the dark, it is adaptive to acquire such fears. "biological preparedness" it s quite rare to have a fear of cars or guns, which are more dangerous, only existed very recently and so we are not biologically prepared to learn fear responses towards them.