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导论introduction - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Environmental complexity looks at the number of components in an organization's environment and the extent of the knowledge that the organization has about those components.
      - Environmental uncertainty refers to the degree of change and complexity in an organization's environment
    - - Stakeholders are any constituencies in an organization's environment that are affected by that organization's decisions and actions
  - - - attention to detail
      - outcome orientation
      - people orientation
      - team orientation
      - innovation and risk taking
      - aggressiveness
      - stability
    - - coroporate rituals
      - material symbols or artifacts
      - organizational stories
      - language
  - - - Demographics人口
      - Economic经济
      - Political/Legal法律，政治
      - Sociocultural社会
      - Technological科技
      - Global全球
    - - Omnipotent view of management(管理万能论）：Managers are directly responsible for an organization's success or failure
      - Symbolic view of management(管理象征论):Manager's ability to affect performance outcomes is constrained by external factors
    - - power of suppliers
      - threat of substitutes
      - threat of new entrants
      - power of customers
      - current competitors
  - - - affect what managers do
        
        managerial decision affected by culture
        
        leading
        
        organizing
        
        planning
        
        controlling
        
        霍夫斯特德四层次模型：由外到里依次为
        semiotic system符号系统，
        hero英雄,
        etiquette activities礼仪活动,
        values价值观
      - affect what employees do
        
        Strong culture:those in which the key values are deeply held and widely shared
        
        it can:1.substitute for formal rules and regulations
        2.create predictability,orderlines andconsistency
- - - - People:people in an organization work to achieve those goals.
      - Structure:an organization is structured in some way that defines and limits the behavior of its members.
      - Goals:it has a distinct purpose,which is typically expressed as a goal or set of goals.
    - - Top Managers
      - First-Line Managers
      - Middle Managers
      - Team Leaders
    - - Nonmanagerial employees are people who work directly on a job or task and have no responsibility for overseeing the work of others.
      - Managers are individuals in an organization who direct and oversee the activities of other people in the organization so organization goals can be accomplished.
  - - - Henry Mintzberg,manageial roles
    - - Interpersonal skills
      - Technical skills
      - Conceptual skills
      - Political skills
    - - organizing
      - leading
      - planning
      - controlling
- - - - Use managerial and technical employee talent from other countries.
        factor that affects talent globalization is immigration laws and regulations
      - Uses financial sorces and resources outside its home country,which is known as financial globalization.
      - Marketplace globalization is the most common approach to being global.
    - - 依次为Global sourcing,Exporting and impoting,Licensing and Franchising,Strategic alliance--join venture(战略联盟),Foreign subsidiary(国外分支)
        
        In addition,an organization might do importing,which involves acquiring products made abroad and selling them domestically.
        
        First,managers may want to get into a global market with minimal investment.At this stage,they may start with global sourcing(outsource),which is purchasing materials or labor from around the world wherever it is cheapest.
        
        Finally,managers might use licensing(许可) or franchising（特许）,which are similar approaches involving one organization giving another organization the right to use its brand name,technology,or product specifications in return for a lump-sum payment or a fee that is usually based on sales.
        
        the next step may involve exporting the organization's products to other countries--that is,making products domestically and selling them abroad
    - - Transnational(borderless)organization跨国组织:where artificial geographical boundaries are eliminated.
      - Globacorporation全球公司:in which management and other decisions are centralized in the home country.
      - Multidomestic corporation多国公司：which management and other decisions are decentralized to the local country in which it is operating.