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James I - Coggle Diagram
James I
Foreign Policy
Peacemaking:
- settled a war between Sweden and Denmark in 1613
- Arranged a marriage between Elizabeth and Frederick (leading protestant)
- Treaty of London
Thirty Years War:
- protestant nobility of Bohemia revolted against their newly elected King (Ferdinand)
- The crown was offered to Frederick in 1619, of which he accepted
- James offered to mediate between Frederick and Ferdinand
- before he could, Ferdinand had defeated him at the Battle of White Mountain
- This resulted in James calling parliament in 1621 but he did not want to fight
Aims:
- end the war with spain
- improve relations with the spanish
- 'rex pacificus' against religious war
- he thought peacemakers were blessed 'Beati Pacifici'
The Spanish Match:
- James wanted Charles to marry the Spanish infanta
- Count Gondomar encouraged this
- Gondomar was hopeful James would become a RC
- This plan broke down as it was revealed that when they had children they had to be brought up at RC, which parliament would never agree to
Part 2:
- At this point Charles was now 22 and Gondomar was still encouraging a catholic marriage
- parliament wanted charles to 'Marry one of our own religion'
- Charles and Buckingham went disguised as Tom and John Smith to Madrid
- their intentions were misunderstood by the Spanish who thought he wanted to become RC
- The Spanish were asking for too much, such as anti-catholic laws being abolished in England
- Charles and Buckingham returned to England
Divine Right of Kings
This was the belief that James was God's earthly representative, and that he did not have to adhere to the common law
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Arminians believed in the Divine Right, and James' superiority to Parliament
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There were bitter exchanges between James and Parliament over royal prerogative. James told parliament not to 'meddle with anything concerning our government' to which parliament responded they had freedom of speech
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Finance
Extravagance
By 1610 he was giving away £80,000 per year, compared to £30,000 under Elizabeth
£185,000 on jewels over 9 years
He liked lavish court entertainment. £7,000 kitting out Charles for his debut
£116,000 on the wedding of his daughter, and the funeral of his father
he gave James Hay gifts worth £400,000
he had feasts worth £3,000
Inherited Problems
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The value of a subsidy decreased. in 1558, Elizabeth had recieved £137,000 from each subsidy, but this decreased to £72,500 under James in 1621
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Treasurers
Thomas Sackville (1604-08)
- The Great Farm of Customs
- The New Book of Rates
Robert Cecil (1608-12)
- Surveying Crown Lands
- The Revised Book of Rates
- The Great Contract
- Sale of Titles
- Book of Bounty
Thomas Howard (1614-18)
- Benevolences
- Cockayne Project
Lionel Cranfield (1618-24)
- Negotiating customs
- cutting government expensiture
- cutting military costs
- removing gifts and pensions