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PHP510: Bacterial Disease, Management, TADs, VIRAL DISEASES, Multisystemic…
PHP510: Bacterial Disease
🌬
Respiratory Disease
Progressive atrophic rhinitis
Pathogenesis (Progressive)
Dermonecrotic toxin of P. multocida ➡ Proliferation of
osteoclasts and depresses osteoblast
differentiation
CS
Epistaxis
Retarded growth
Snout deformity
Sx
Large White, Duroc
13-17w (growers)
Tx + Control
Oxytetacyclines + good management + Herd monitoring
No longer vaccinating
Improve Mngmt- correct SD, hygeine
Herd monitoring through snout scoring @ abbattoir
Ax
Non Progressive
Toxigenic Bordatella bronchioseptica +
Non Toxigenic
Pasteurella multocida
Progressive
Toxigenic Bordatella bronchioseptica +
Toxigenic Pasteurella multocida
type A / d
Predisposing factors (mostly management stuff)
High population density in pens
Poor hygiene and ventilation;
Mixing of piglets of different litters
DDs
Sneezing
: excessive environmental dust and inclusion body rhinitis.
Snout deformities:
Injuries; infection of the tooth canal after clipping of teeth; “bull nose” (Fusobacterium necrophorum, or Borrelia spp.); hereditary facial deformities
Bronchopneumonia
: Pasteurella multocida and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infections.
Pathogenesis
Primary Source: Subclinical Carriers
PNEUMONIC P ASTEURELLOSIS
Tx
Antibiogram, Broad spectrum AB
Sulphonomides in feed & water for 3-5 days
Cx:
dry, non-productive cough, later become productive
(DD for non productive dry cough: Mycoplasma)
Dyspnoea and mucopurulent discharges from the nostrils
Auscultation reveals harsh pulmonary sounds.
Ax: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ((damage lungs)➡ Port of entry for P. multocida
Pathogenesis
Adherence to ciliated epithelial cells ➡ Evasion of phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages
Aerosol transmission
Pathology
• Acute and fibrinous pleuropneumonia, Suppurative pneumonia (cranioventral area).
• Fibrinous or ulcerative pharyngitis and pronounced peripharyngeal oedema,
• Fibrinous pericarditis and polyarthritis
• Emaciation
Sx
Growers
⭐PORCINE PLEURO-PNEUMONIA (APP)
Ax
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Gram - obligate pathogen)
Transmitted though aerosol from infected pigs
Sx: 12-15-week-olds, growers
💲💲💲ECONOMIC LOSSES NB pigs that are supposed to be sold DIE 💀
CX (IP = 6-12h)
Per acute
⬇ appetite, ⬆ temperature, epistaxis, blood tinged discharge from nose and mouth, skin & mm cyanosis
Acute
high fever, lethargy, anorexia
short, suppressed cough may be heard
Respiratory distress and dyspnoea
Chronic
Wasting and anorexia
Chronic cough and elevated body temperature
DDs for epistaxis, cyanosis + acute death = ASF (all ages), CSF (all ages), PRRS (not in SA, all ages)
If just affecting growers, will more likely be APP
Tx: Control
Closed herd➡AI rather than boar
Antimicrobials can then be administered parentally (penicillin), note: withdrawal period (short), injectables - Excenel, once they're stabilized and resume eating,can add to feed again. Consider withdrawal
Destock and repopulate (This disease "kills" the herd)
All-in/all-out system, good hygiene
Vaccination difficult: many serovars
Pathogenesis
Haemolysin + cytotoxin -> vasculitis, thrombosis, necrosis, sudden death due to endotoxic shock
Pathology
Necrotic foci, particularly in the dorsal or hilar
regions of the lungs, pleuropneumonia, haemorrhagic pneumonia
Glassers Disease
Sx
weaning stress
YOUNG PIGS, weaners 2 to 6 weeks
Cx
Severe fibrinous polyserositis
Joints
Meninges
Nervous signs
Fibrinous Pleuritis, pericarditis, peritonitis
control
Prophylactic use of antibiotics in feed or water
Parenteral treatment (penicillin's or sulphas) - difficult for large scale farms
Avoid stress
Ax
Haemophilus parasuis
⭐MYCOPLASMAS / Enzootic Pneumonia
Cx @ 10 weeks - 28kg (IP 1-3w)
Loss of condition, varied growth rates
Growth retardation and low mortality variation of growth rates
DDs for poor growth in growers: Atrophic rhinitis and PWMS
Non-productive cough
sx: > 6 weeks, grower/ finisher
path: Cilia stasis and loss of cilia
Control (High morbidity, low mortality)
Antimicrobial (tylosin, lincomycin), Doxycycline
Management(all in-all out)
SPF (caesarean derived bloodline)
Vaccination
1 injection ➡@ week 3, weaning
2 injections➡@ week 1 & 3
If there's a problem on the farm
Link to circovirus: Will prevent Circo and prevent immunosuppression that could lead to immunosuupression
Depop-repop (difficult to do)
Start with boars + sows: Stop breeding the sows, sell growers, weaners, sell boars and non-pregnant sows, allow pregnant sows to farrow, sell once the piglets are weaned
Ax
Mycoplasma hyopneumiae
Vs APP: more chronic, not a cause of acute death, penicillin not effective, lung lesions cranio-ventral vs caudo-dorsal, can vaccinate for mycoplasma
Swelling of the Pharynx
MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS (TUBERCULOSIS)
Ax
Mycobacterium avuim
Source
uncooked offal from poultry and beef
Soil contamination
Pig-pig spread via contaminated saliva and faeces
Pathogenesis
Ingestion -> invasion and enlargement of cervical + mesenteric LN
Buccal Disease
🚽
Enteric Disease (GIT)
🧻
E.coli
Syndromes
Enteric colibacillosis (post-weaner)
Alkaline, watery, whitish to yellowish diarrhoea
“white scours”
incubation period: 2 to 3 hours
Mastitis and metritis in sows (Urogenital section)
Colisepticaemia (neonate)
Paddling limb movement
Endotoxic shock.
Recumbent and unconscious,
Oedema disease (Neurological Section)
Weaners
Predisposing factors
Weaning stress
Declining levels of lacteal IgA
Increase in gastric pH due to weaning stress.
Neonates and post weaners
Feed (creep feed)
AMR
Poor housing management: should be slats to allow good draining throughout
pathogenic E.coli
Enterotoxins (ETEC) ➡ can get it before and after weaning, diarrhoea
Shigatoxin 2e (Stx2e) causing vascular changes in the small intestine ➡ oedema diasese
Control and Tx
Antimicrobials (Pot sulphas, florquinolones, gentimycin)
Zinc sulphate supplementation of the feed
Fluid and electrolyte replacement
Vaccination: b4 FARROWING (Litterguard)
ETEC: Vaccinate sow with litterguard before farrowing ➡ pass maternal ABs
Odema diasese: within 1st week before they are weaned
Wash the sows before entering the farrowing house
Pathogenesis
Colonisation of intestinal epithelium -> production of Shiga toxin (STx2e) -> vascular changes + enterotoxin -(ETEC) > influx of water
POCINE PROLIFERATIVE ENTEROPATHIES
AX: Lawsonia intracelluris
Syndromes
Porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA)
Wasting, anaemia, roughened hair coat and even emaciation
Reduced appetite and mild diarrhoea
Intestinal mucosa is thickened
Regional (terminal) ileitis (RI)
Necrotic enteritis (NE)
Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE) 💀
Sudden deaths, anorexia, mucosal pallor, and profuse, watery, black and foul-smelling diarrhoea (melaena).
DD for foul smelling diarrhoea in growers
E coli, Swine dysentery, clostridium, gastric ulcers
Explosive outbreaks in weaned / adult pigs
Sx: growers
(6-20w)
Control
Abs in feed/ ration (chlortetrycycline, Tylosin)
Vaccination
from 3 weeks age
avoid 3d antimicrobials before and after vaccine
Live attenuated oral vaccine
: Enterisol, Ileitis Boehringer Inglheim
Pathogenesis
causes intestinal mucosal cells to replicate more quickly
CS
Peracute: Death
Acute
anorexia, weight loss, abdominal discomfort and
diarrhoea
Subacute
Weight loss
Chronic
Progressive emaciation + diarrhoea, containing necrotic material
Pathology
• Emaciation and dehydration.
• Colonic content is foul smelling and dark-grey in colour
• Enlarged submucosal glands
• Spirochaetes may be demonstrated in the
lumen and crypts of affected parts of the large intestines in Warthin-Starry-stained histological sections.
SWINE DYSENTERY
Cx;
Acute: diarrhoea, caused by typhlo-colitis, anorexia, weight loss, abdominal discomfort
Faeces of mucus, blood and necrotic material or fibrin
⬇ weight and dehydration ➡ Reduced growth rates and increased feed conversion ratios (subacute/ chronic)
Peracuted isease:death
Carrier weaners or breeding stock, Ingestion of faecal-contaminated food or water
peracute to chronic infectious enteric disease
AX; Brachyspira (Serpulina, Treponema)
Control
Tiamulin at 10 mg/kg BW
Dimetridazole or tiamulin or tylosin (1,5 kg/ton of feed or in 2 400 litre of the drinking water for 21 days)
Cleaning, disinfection (sodium hypochlorite) and rodent control programmes
Sx: Post- weaners, Growers and finishers
Multi-systemic Diseases
Leptospirosis 🔴🔵
Serovars
Pomona
Multisystemic
Chronic interstitial nephritis
Abortions (near term), stillbirths, perinatal deaths, weak piglets, +++ chronic interstitial nephritis
Braatislava
Boars, venereal
infertility
Sources of infection
Infected foetuses and foetal membranes
Aerosol (urine droplets)
Contaminated food and water (carrier pigs or wild mammals)
Venereal and A.I. (Bratislava)
PM
White-spotted kidney
Jaundice
Focal necrosis
🌟DDs for Lepto in RSA breeding pigs
Erysipela
Parvo
other DD: nephritis or reproductive disease
Cx
Stillbirths
Reproductive failure
Abortions
Chronic interstitial nephritis
Control
Rx
Doxycycline (chronic disease)
Penicillin (acute disease).
Chlor- or oxytetracycline at 600g/ton of feed
25 mg/kg of dihydrostreptomycin
Vaccination : B4 BREEDING
Gilts: 6 and 2 weeks before breeding
Sows: 2 weeks after farrowing (i.e., 2 weeks prior to breeding again)
Boars: Every 6 months
Signalment
Growers, finishers, sows, boars
Extensive systems - mud
ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOP ATHIAE INFECTIONS 👫
Presentation type
Subacute form
diamond skin disease
Chronic disease
joints and heart valves- arthritis + endocarditis
Peracute and acute cases➡Scepticaemia
Fever
-> Abortions
Skin discolouration
Subclinically infected carrier pigs
Sx: ALL ages
Tx
DOC: Penicillin
Vaccination regime same as Lepto, it's a combined vaccine for all 3 diseases that are DDs for each other PLE
⬇ STRESS
Improve farm sanitation
30d Quarantine
STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION
AX: Streptococcus suis
SX: Weaner pigs
epidemiology
Respiratory aerosols
Bite wounds
Carrier pigs (tonsils and nasal cavities)
CNS Cx (similar to heartwater)
Inco-ordination
Paralysis
Convulsions
Paddling and tremours
Septicaemia and arthritis
Tx
Penicillin's (clavulanic acid)
Anti-inflammatories
Pathogenesis
Invasion of palatine tonsils -> septicaemia -> spread via lymphatics to
Meninges
CNS signs- similar to heartwater in SS
Joints
Mandibular LN
Reproductive
PRRS (Blue Ear Disease)
🚼
INFERTILITY AND ABORTION
SMEDI
Porcines Parvo
Leptospirosis
Cx
Mammifications
Embryonal death
Still births
Infertilitty
PRRS (Virus)
Erysipelas
MASTITIS-METRITIS-AGALACTIAE (MMA)
Ax: Endotoxin from bacteria originating from feces
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella species
⬇Milk production
Predilection site Gram-negative infections
Uterus
Urinary tract infections
Udder
check udders, when piglets are born check which teats have milk
Pathogenesis
Bacterial growth ➡ Inflammation of the udder (acute phase proteins) ➡ Bloodstream(endotoxins) ➡ Decrease prolactin levels in the plasma ➡ Insufficient milk production
Cx
Mild fever
Listless with a depressed appetite
Sows are reluctant to allow piglets to suckle and often lie on their sternum
Piglets are gaunt, move from teat to teat and try to lick urine and eat bedding.
Piglets will tend to move apart from the others after suckling.
💡
How do you treat and manage MMA in the farrowing house?
💡Tx
Repeated intravenous injection of oxytocin (10IU)
Systemic Antimicrobials
: enrofloxacin at 2.5mg/kg twice a day
Fostering or bottle-feeding of piglets
Oxytocin
Glucocorticoids (50-100mg prednisolone)
Prevention / Control
⬆ roughage in the sow’s ration just prior to farrowing.
Antimicrobials given at d112 of gestation for 4 days, only Tx clinical cases to avoid antimicrobial resitance
improve farrowing crate hygiene
Vitamin E supplementation in the feed at 60IU/kg.
Sx
Sows
Dx
Piglets
Sow
Signs of pain: Lie on her side instead of sternum, won't allow piglets to suckle
CYSTITIS AND PYELONEPHRITIS 👵🏽💀
Ax: ascending infection during gestation: 2-3w after service
E. coli (50% of cases)
Proteus spp
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Introduced @ service
outbreak 2 to 3 weeks after service in gilts and sows
Actinobaculum suis
Boar carrier
Interrupted urination, water uptake, faecal build-up in the pen and endometritis.
Cx
Inappetence
Vulva discharge
Stands with an arched back
Passes blood-stained and cloudy urine
Mucoid vulva discharge
PM: Cystitis and pyelonephritis
Tx
Actinobaculum suis ➡ Penicillin's up to 2 – 3 weeks & Disinfection of contaminated premises
Coliforms
Broad-spectrum antimicrobial, e.g. fluoroquinolones.
Sows should be encouraged to drink water.
Clean drinking water should be freely available
Sx
Older sows, esp after service
Skin diseases and Conditions
EXUDATIVE EPIDERMITIS OF PIGS (GREASY PIG DISEASE) 👮🏽♀️
Ax: Staphylococcus hyicus, Exfoliative toxin ➡ superficial dermatits
Sx:
Weaners
Carrier pigs (skin, tonsils, nasal cavity, conjunctiva, ears and vagina)
Transmission: Direct contact via skin wounds
abrasions & bites
Bites wounds
Cx
Scant, flaky, brown exudate
Reddish-brown, greasy exudate
DDs: Parakeratosis
Ringworm
Pityriasis rosea
Mange
Dermatitis and abscessation
Tx
Antimicrobials
Penicilin
Macro
Tetracycline
Local treatment: Iodine
Control
Manage Trauma, good wound management
Autogenous vaccine
NEONATAL POLYARTHRITIS / JOINT ILL
Predisposing factors
Sow immunity
Injuries (face, nose, feet)
Pathogenesis
Bloodstream (bacteriaemia/ scepticaemia?) ➡ localize in joints
Cx
Shivering.
Pigs show pain / discomfort.
Sudden death
Reluctance to rise
Hairy appearance
Swollen hock and elbow joints
Stiffness or lameness
Tx & Control
Tx: Systemic antimicrobials
ampicillin
sulphonamides
Prevention & Control
Colostrum and milk intake
Cross-fostering
Excellent hygiene in the farrowing house
Proper tail docking procedure
Mange
Pathogenesis
Spread from boar -> sows -> piglets
Tx
Ivermectin: 1ml / 33kg
Dx
CS of Alopecia, rubbing against walls
DDs
Ringworm
Pityriasis rosea
🧠
Neurological diseases and Conditions
OEDEMA DISEASE (VEROTOXIGENIC
E. COLI
) see GIT
Predisposing factors
Dietary Changes
Loss of maternal immunity
Stressed pigs in good condition
Overeat in weaner house -> E coli overgrowth
RMD
Developing pig farms with poor management
Cx
Sudden Death
Nervous signs
Subcutaneous swellings of the eyelid
s, nose and ears
Squeaky voice
attributable to laryngeal oedema
Fever/ pyrexia
Ax: E.coli ➡ shiga toxin
Parthenogenesis
Shiga toxin ➡ ⬆ vascular permeability
Sx:
Weaners
: 4-8w
PM
Clear oedema fluid
Subcutis oedema
Peritoneum
Intestines and thoracic cavity
Superficial lymph nodes
DDs
Streptococcus suis
Haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
Glaesserella parasuis
Salt poisoning
⭐STREPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIES: S. suis
Epidemiology
Sporadic,individual pigs
Sx: suckling + weaners piglets
Ax: Streptococci. S. suis
Cx
Nystagmus
Shaking,
Piglet lying on its belly and shivering
Paddling
Convulsions
Tx
Tx affected piglets ONLY!!
Penicilin 2x day
Control
Good nursing care
Warm environment
Supplement milk via stomach tube
DDs 💡
Aujeszky's disease / Pseudorabies
Transboundary Disease
Hypoglycaemia
Esp in newborn ./ young piglets
Salt poisoning
Glässers disease
⭐SALT POISONING 🧂
Predisposing factors
⬇💧
What are the factors that leads to water deprivation in commercial and developing farm unit? (4 marks)
💡Commercial Farmers: Water shutdown, municipal pump bursting
💡Developing Farmers: troughs/buckets not large enough, water shortages, not enough workers over holiday periods, no backup water supply
Normal salt ➡ toxic
Swill feed
: High salt levels in kitchen waste
Cx
Inappetence and dehydration
Fits and animals wandering
meningitis cx
Head pressing
Incoordination
Dx
Lack of 💧/ 💧 deprivation
Histology of brain
Cx
DDs
Streptococcal meningitis
Glässers disease
Aujeszky's disease
Middle ear infection (but will likely affect only 1 /2 - not an outbreak)
Prevention
Daily 💧 avaliability
potable
check nipples & number of pigs
Flow 2l/min
Tx
Dripping water through a flutter valve into the rectum
Allowing water to drip onto the tongue from a hose pipe
Inject sterile water at body temperature into the abdominal cavity
Importance of Water in a Pig Facility
Prevention of Salt Poisoning
Hygeine
Heat Stress
💡If they don't drink, won't eat
💡2-4l / kg (Total 10l / pig / day + 10l for cleaning)
Management
Housing
N facing and perpendicular to wind (shady, breezy)
Multistage Housing
Boar House (Breeding) 5-7d
5 services per week
Stimulation
Must be able to smell and see boar
Feed them same lactation diet for flush feeding- 2kg +400g/piglet
Breeding
AI. But still need boar for teaser / cleanup boar
Natural Mating
Out boar in the morning, can remove then reintroduce. Can assist mating
(Individual Housing)
Previously were kept here individually for 14-16d for implantation, not done anymore, move into
group housing
immediately
Farrowing - D110 - weaning (4w)
Needed for 6w: 1week pre-farrowing, 4w lactation, 1w empty
Most expensive facility
30 stalls and 27 crates for 100 sow unit
Conditions seen here
MMA
Abortions, stillbirths (old, PLE)
Crushing, HHH in piglets
Weaning House 1 @ 4w -> 10w
Diseases in weaners
GIT
MultisysT
Neurological
Keep on creep feed for another 2w
Dry Sow House 2 (In groups) - D40- D110 Total: 3m, 3w, 3d
Group according to size and age to limit stress
Conditions seen here
Early abortions
PLE
Urogenital infections
SMEDI
MMA
Growing House 💲💲💲
Ad lib feeding, may limit to 2.5kg at finishing to reduce fat depo
Diseases in grower house
Respiratory
APP
Mycoplasma
GIT
Lawsonia
Skin
Erisipelas
Finishing House
3 site / Multisite Production
Separate breeding+farrowing from weaning+growing to limit disease spread
Workers and equipment do not move between houses
AIAO Sytstem
Advantages
No pathogen build up
No contact with sick / carrier animals
Difficulties
Difficult for small units
Intense high pressure cleaning btw batches, disinfection. Allow to completely dry, repairs, leave open for a week
Stocking Density: 0.85m2 / 100kg or <135kg/m2 = 12-20pigs per pen
❌OVERCROWDING
Social stress -> Gastric ulcers, ⬇ immunity -> E coli, erysipelas, PIA, PCV2. Poor ventilation -> resp disease, progressive atrophic rhinitis
Irregular feed intake -> poor growth
Behavioural problems: tail biting
Reverse dunging -> poor hygeine
INSULATION NB!
Required Temps
Birth
32
0-2w
25-30
2-4w -> 6w (Weaning)
22-29
6-10w
20 - 24
Finishers, S, B
16 - 20
UCT: NOT MORE THAN 26
Reverse dunging -> poor hygeine
⬇ appetite ->⬇ GR, ⬇ milk -> ⬇ piglet weight
Infertility, ⬇ libido,⬇ conception
Piglets need to be WARM to stay alive, sow needs to be COOL to produce milk
Ventilation
Prevents accumulation of
NH3
Dust
Pathogens: Mycoplasma, actinobacillus
Rate of infection ά= (n² - n): 2x increase in # -> 4x increase infection rate
Sanitation and Waste Disposal
Faeces: E coli, Klebsiella, Borrelia, S. suis
Rats: Leptospira, Salmonella, Lawsonia,
Brachyspira
Birds: Erysipelas, TB
Bedding, wood shavings: Mycobacterium, Klebsiella
7000 l of water needs for cleaning / day...
Seepage of N2 and P -> ground water pollution
Potbellies
Nutrition
Warn of risk of ASF with pork products / swill
Feed sow/boar food- low energy, low protein
Castration
Premed with Ketamine/ Azaperone. Propofol as maintenance. Ear vein for access. Can put on Iso.
Spays
5-6m
Prevents oestrus behaviour
Vacccinations
Rabies (all)
Tetanus (all)
Parvo
Lepto
Erysipelas
Ectoparasites
Frontline (topical acaricides rather than oral)
Worms
Hooves
Trim 2-4x per year
NUTRITION (80% production costs)
Economics
20% consumed by breeding herd
80% consumed by production herd
Physiology
Omnivores
Now, more like vegetarians: fish meal too expensive, carcass meal banned.
Formulation
Energy (55-70%)
Fat (1.2-2.5%)
⬆ palatability
⬇ dustiness
Absorption of Fat sol vits, eesential fatty acids
DigestIble E : Grain
Determines intake, fat deposition in excess
⚠ Source of mycotoxin
Protein, essential AA (Lysine)
Fibre (4-8%)
Bran, lucerne meal, brewer's
Vitamins
All except C (D if outdoors)
Minerals
Macro
Ca, P, Na, Cl
⚠ High grain low in Ca, high in P
Micro
Fe, Se, Zn, Mn, Mg, Cu
Water
2-4l / kg feed. Approx 10l per day + 10l for cleaning = 20l /day
Lactating sow: 2l maintennce + 40ml / piglet / day. Approx 15-30l (3x)
Feed Additives
GROWTH STIMULANT / PRODUCTION ENHANCER
Possibly 5% better growth, mostly in younger animals
CuSO4
Zn
Antimicrobials
Carcass manipulation
B2 agonist; Ractopamine
Repartitioning agent
Enzymes to break down ing and aid digestion, esp if weaning @ 2w
Probiotics
Flavourants / sweetners: milk powder, saccharine, apple / vanilla flavour.
NEVER SUGAR: diarrhoea
Anti-acid binders / Alkalis
Weak acid - citric acid - not too strong or allows proliferation of E coli
Mycotoxin binder / inactivator
Aflatoxin: hepatotoxic, immunoupressive, poor growth
Zearalenone - (oestrogenic)
pseudopregnancy,
vulvovaginitis, swollen prepuce, splay leg
Ergot
udder development failure, agalactia
Vomitoxin
Feed Preparation
Grinding
✔ Uniform mixing ❌ Dustiness
Pelleting
✔⬆FCE, easy handing, better intake, reduced wastage, ⬇ pneumonia, no clogged feeders ❌ slightly higher cost
Liquid / Slurry
✔⬆FCE, no dust ❌hard to handle, special mixing equipment, clogs easily
HOME MIXING
✔ Better control, lower cost-source can be negotiated, less dependent on delivery
❌Personal equipment cost, inconvenience of sourcing from different sellers, more difficult to check quality
Equipment ~ R 70 000, building ~ R 250 000....
Swill Feeding (Dead chickens, poultry offal)
❌Deficiencies, sour milk -> gastric ulcers, ⬇VitB (fat sol), messy -> flies
Consider for beginner farmers for growers
NEVER FOR PIGS <40kg live mass:
Food related Disease
Gastric Ulcers
Ax: Stress, Overheated food, feed too fine, low fibre, low vit E, sour milk products, high Cu
Deficiencies
Fe: Piglet anaemia -> tail biting?
Ca / P / (Vit D👶🏽): Rickets, Osteomalacia, esp in lactating S (stiff, psterior paralysis / dog sit, slow parturition, vaginal prolapse)
Zn: Parakeratosis (scaly ventral abdomen + thigh, poor growth, diarrhoea)
Cu: Haemopericardium, Aortic rupture, aneamia
CU TOXICOSIS: gastric ulcers; maleana;
haemolytic anaemia; icterus; sow infertility (DD VitE/Se)
Vit A: stillbirth, microopthalmia, cleft palate
Biotin: cracked claws, infertility
Pantothenic Acid: Diarrhoea, goose stepping
Vit E/ Se:
Ax: rancid fishmeal, fatty diets
Cs: myopathy; hepatosis dietetica; mulberry heart, Gastric ulcers, immunity, sow infertility
Vit K: naval bleeders
Choline: Splay legs
Folic acid: Interferes with implantation and early blastocyst development
Feeding Strategies
Sucklers
Creep feed from 2w- small amounts often (500g total each) and remove uneaten
No meds - will interfere with immunity
Weaners
Reduce RMD Stress (Relocation, Mixing, Diet Change) by staying on creep 2-3w after weaning (6-7w / 15kg)
Restrict feed to 300g / day initially - tend to overeat here -> undigested feed in intestine -> E coli
Be aware of hypersensitivity to soya, bran
Growers / Finishers (15-90kg)
Ad lib feeding, may limit to 2.5kg at finishing to reduce fat depo
*Sow
Dry / Pregnancy (Dry Sow House)
2kg maintenance 1/2 x a day
Don't overfeed / high E feed
(high ε →↓ progesterone due to ↑metabolic clearance
→↓ implantation
Overfed @ gestation -> undereat during lactation -> use body fat -> thin @ breeding
Peripartal (10d b4, 10d after)
Increase bran to 10-15%: Prevents constipation during parturition -> prevents MMA
Stays on 2kg until 2d PP
Higher risk of PDS if fed ad lib from day of farrowing
Lactating
Excessive WL here -> ⬆ WSI, ⬇ Preg rate, ⬇embryo survival
15-16% Protein, can feed grower ration.
Increase to 2kg + 400g per piglet over 2-3 feeds
High nutritional plane -> milk retention -> udder problems
Fat sow -> less protein reserves for protein content in milk
Low E + Protein -> ⬆WSI, ⬇Ovulation rate ⬇embryo survival
Weaning / Breeding (Breeding House)
Flush feeding: Increase to 3kg to ⬆ Ovulation
Feed Management for Summer (>20D)Infertility (⬇intake, ⬇milk production ⬇conception)
Energy dense (high fat) feed- small amounts often
Boar
2-2.5kg / day. Always feed after working
"Lean and Mean" Overweight ->
Injury to sows
Lameness
⬇ Libido, semen quality
Orphan Piglets
250 ml Cow’s (full cream)milk, egg yolk, dessert spoon glucose
2,5 l full cream milk, 6 tblsp (150 ml) cream, 5 tblsp (125 g) glucose,1 egg yolk
*1st, 2nd Parity Sows
Need higher E and Protein for growth
PARAMETERS
Weaning (4w)
Leakages
Post weaning mortality <5%
E. coli enteritis / oedema disease
Strep suis II
Arthritis (Strep, Mycopl, H. parasuis)
Circo virus II – PCV2 (PMWS)
Lawsonia (PIA, NE, RI)
Salmonella septicaemia
Spinal abscesses from tail biting
Mid ear inf; salt tox / water deprivation; Swine dysentery
BW
BW @ 28d weaning = 8kg
BW @ 21d weaning = 6.5kg
Birth (0)
"leakages"
Pre weaning mortality <11%, ~8% in first 3 days
• Trauma / crush <3%
•Weak underweight 2%
•Starve / cold 1%
•Other (navel bleed, septicaemia)1%
•Congenital 0,5%
•Disease (esp. enteritis) 0,5%
Losses > 5%, consider:
• ↓ colostrum
• No fluid replacement
• Sow vaccinations?
• Hygiene?
Stillbirths < 5%
Old / fat sows (Slow farrowing)
Stress
Characteristics of neonate
BW = 1.3kg
No gluconeogenesis until ~7d, unable to maintain fasting blood glucose levels -> ⚠Hypoglycaemia
Susceptible to hypoglycaemia, hypothermia and crush
12 piglets, 11 live piglets, 10 weaned. Weaned / sow/ year =
10
x 2.3 = 23-26. Top in RSA = 28 (30) Also consider and subtract ~2% post weaning losses
Growers (10w)
BW - 30kg
Sale (20w)
BW
BACONER: Live BW = 100kg @ 161d, 22w (Carcass mass ~76kg)
Slaughter @ 154 to minimise boar taint. Also decreased FCR after 22w
PORKER: Live BW = 70kg @ 140d, 20w
Sow
"leakages"
Mortality < 8%
Replacement rate 40-50%
Bought from elsewhere, not the farm's own finisher pigs
Culling: 35-45%
"Happy culls"
Poor producers, repeat breeders. Have more piglets but smaller and weaker
8th parity = old
Keep her for 3.7y for 7 parities: Maturity @ 7m + 115d +28d weaning + 5d breeding x 7
Only start making money from 4th parity
Lameness, Disease abortion (minimise these causes)
Empty day leakages: Returns, Abortions, NIP, Long WSI
Empty days should not be more than 5d (WSI) per litter. x 2.35 litters = 11.75 empty days per year
Regular returns due to fertilization failure (21d). Irregular return due to embryo loss (>24d)
NIP = Non returning sows - don't go into oestus but don't farrow either
Ax
Pseudo-pregnant
PRRS
Zearalenone
Inactive/cystic ovaries
Endometritis/ uterine oedema
Cycling with silent/ unobserved oestrus
Summer infertility - Reducing conception rate - Reduce appetite - Decrease milk production - Increase WSI
Reproduction
oestrous 21d
Gestation 115d
Reproduction Management
Male: Female = 1:15-20
Best produces - parity 2-5
Gilts: smaller litter size
Older Sows: ↑ stillbirths, ↓ piglet birth mass, ↑ non-viable piglets, ↑ farrowing complications, ↑ non-specific urogenital problems, ↑ udder problems
Desired
Cycle index / Farrowing Index
/ TF / Inter-litter period (Gestation + Lactation + Wean to 1st service + empty days) (Look at Tf above)
>2.33
, top in RSA = 2.49
Sow Productivity
: Pn (Piglets marketed / sow / year)
Pn =
Tf
(litter/sow/year) x
Tp
(litter size- total born alive) x
Tm
(survival rate of litter)
Tf (look at CI below)
Influenced by :
3 more items...
Gestation constant, lactation pre-determined, only variable is
WSI
1 more item...
Tp (size)
Influenced by:
4 more items...
Tm (Survival) - 50% losses in 1st 2d, 95% losses by 10d
Overweight sows (esp.younger) longer and more difficult parturition
Low temp
Crushing
Insufficient sucking
E coli
2 ton club: 12 piglets / litter x 2.35 = 27 piglets / year x 75kg = 2000kg carcass weight / year
Sow Sheets
ID: Date born, dam, sire
Service date, boar mated, re-service dates, NIP, PD
Farrowing date, litter, #weaned
GILTS (Sow replacement = 40-50%)
First breeding at maturity(7m / 210d), 130-170kg, BCS 2.5-3. after showing at least one heat
BW
Up to 300kg
Boars
BW
Up to 350kg
Required economic parameters
FCR < 2,99
P2 ≤ 15mm
< 140d for 90kg bodymass
sound build with no foot problems
preferably performance tested
Management
1 for 15-20, 5-6 in 100 sow unit + 1 patrolling + 1-2 replacements
1 boar / sow / week
3 services of 1h with a 12h interval for sows
2 matings / week for gilt
Place young boars with young sows
Best method - hand mating
Work first, then feed
Min. space 7m2 → 9,3m2 if used for breeding, No sides < 2,1m wide. Individual pens with solid wall to prevent fighting
Mature @ 8m / 30w, only use after this
AI: Used on most commercial farms
✔ Better quality sires (ADG, FCR, Grading, Fertility-no worry about Summer infertility as well), Uniform growers (batch = half siblings), easier management, fewer injuries, able to quickly adapt to market needs, cheaper, minimises disease spread
Use fresh not frozen
Replacement
Replace @ 20m, replace 50% pa
Still have good capacity until 30-36m, but become too heavy for gilts
Cull
↓libido, ↓fertility, too heavy, lame and diseased
Indications of Poor Quality Boar
Litter scatter: >15% sows / gilts with <7 piglets
Piglet Processing
Castration
Aim: prevent boar taint but also decreases muscle gain and increases fat.
Open castration within first week
Tail cutting
Half
Will feel pain when someone bites them
Which piglets? Smallies bite biggies when they can't get to food first
Iron injection
Foster piglets
foster strongest (will be in the front teats) within 2/3 days. Cover all piglets with supona so all smell the same.
Teeth clipping?
Aim- save sow's teat? No- shouldn't be biting unless there is too little food
Identification
Ear notching
Ear tags
Tatooing
Pig Industry
Move from smaller units to larger units
Advantages
Economics
Specialization, Diversification
Mechinisation
Disadvantages
Capital intensive
Health Issues
Ecology
Welfare
Requirements
Capital
Land (20h), Water
Labour
Management: Training
Pork production increasing worldwide, esp in Asia
Pork price determined by maize price
Pork Abbattoirs:
Pork Packers, Eskort, Windelands, R+R, Malurpork. Porl inspection: IMQAS, SAMIC, Pork 360's QAT standards
Economics
EXPENSES: Capital costs (15%), Ongoing Costs (85% -> 80%
FOOD
, 5% labour. 2% vet costs
💡💡DWFC good indicator of feed efficiency and total output
TOTAL KG OF FEED FOR ALL PIGS / TOTAL MEAT SOLD (RSA= 3-8 ->6, ~4.3)
Influencing Factors
Breeding herd output (more piglets = lower feed cost / piglet)
Genetics of the herd (esp BOAR)
FCE during fattening (Weaning has a FCR of 1.6, Finisher = 2.5)
Performance Testing of Boar
FCR
ADG
Back Fat Thickness
Age to x kg live mass
Max Genetic Gain
Heritability for Product and Production Traits
Heterosis for repro traits
Health management, feeding systems
Target
<4.2 Baconers
<4.1 Porkers
Calculation ????? (slide 70)
Kg feed eaten
Sow = 1.2t / year
Offspring 4.8t /year
Meat sold
Carcass mass = 75% LW
Building Costs: R20 000 -60 000 / sow
Pens: R3000 = R4000 / m2
Starting cost- Sow price = R4000/sow
Feed: R5400 / ton (40t / sow / year)
INCOME: Order of most NB production factors- Reproduction (piglets / sow/ year), Production (Meat/sow/year) , Product (Carcass mass & grade)
Increase income
Decrease weaner mortality
Increase carcass weight
Data Recording
Records for Data Analysis
Sow sheets
Production Sheets
Vaccination Sheets
Disease sheets
Feed sheets
Abattoir returns
Possible Problems Identified (MEND)
Management
Check sow herd composition, Boar : sow ratio
Too many gilts / old sows
Poor repro mngmt ((Heat detection, AI technique, Boar
management)
Poor farrowing management
Environment
Temp control
Summer Infertility
Optimise Pig flow
Grouping stress
Nutrition
Poor nutrition in farrowing house -> poor placentation
Boars overfat -> ⬇ libido and fertility
No flush feeding -> poor ovulation
Mycotoxins in feed->
Diseases
Parvo
Leptospira
Vaccine failure- cold chain not maintained
Possible problems here?
Management
To many gilts / old sows
Poor repro management ( Heat detection, AI, Boar management)
Poor farrowing management
Environment
Summer infertility (this litter conceived during summer)
Grouping stress
Nutrition
Burnout- poor nutrition in farrowing house
Poor nutrition in dry sow house -> poor placentation
Boars overfat -> ⬇ libido + fertility
No flush feeding in breeding house -> ⬇ ovulation
Mycotoxins
Diseases
Parvo
Leptospira
Farm Visits
Procedure
Physical Herd Check
Russian Doll Approach for housing
Pen
Animal
Building
Pig Flow
Young -> Old
Healthy -> Sick
Data analysis
Implementation + Training
Closing meeting
Send report to farmer
Biosecuirity
Footbaths, overalls, gumboots sanitised
Workers + equipment to one house only
⭐PM Inspections
• Mycoplasma pneumonia
• APP
• Leptospira
Chronic interstitial nephritis
• Ascaris suum
• Mange
• Bruising
Disease Legislation
ASF Control area: NW, L, M: movement out or into this area needs a permit, slaughter at approved abbattoirs-not for export, farms to have pig-proof fences and good biosecuirity
Maintain compartments- allows separation of different farms, therefore outbreaks in one farm will not have to affect all others
Pork360 has objectives and standards to maximise sanitation
Vet's Role
ID Genetic, nutritional, environmental, managemental factors that may be an issue before they cause disease in the HERD
TADs
Not in SA
PRRS
Big problem in America
Corona
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea
AI
Can potentially spread to pigs. Keep away from poultry
ASF
Red line: Limpopo, Mpumalanga, NW, KZN. Recent outbreak unrelated to the the red line. Spread to Europe + China
Sylvatic: Tampan + Warthog. Domestic: pig:pig. Domestic cycle more NB in Gauteng.
Mortality uncertain
BIOSECUIRITY
FMD
CS not commonly seen but pigs = super spreaders
PRRS
CSF
Ajusky
VIRAL DISEASES
Multisystemic
PMWS
Ax
Porcine Circovirus-2
Pathogenesis (Compromised Immunity)
Other respo diseases
Control
Vaccination
Vaccinate piglets before they enter the weaner house
Pig Flow, early recognition of sick piglets
Improved sanitation
ASF
Epidemiology
Spread from Argasid Ticks (Soft Tampan) in and wild pigs
CS (Incubation 5-15d)
Mortality ~100%. Uncertain though
Ax
Asfarvirus
Remains infective >15w in chilled meat, 6m in processed meat
Pathogenesis
Tonsils -> LN -> Viraemia associated with RBC -> widespread haemorrhages
Pathology
Cyanosis
Dx
DDs
CSF
Septicemic Bacterial Infection:
Control
Perimeter Fencing: prevents contact with wild pigs
Written permit necessary to move pigs out of controlled areas
Cleaning + Disinfection with virucidal solution (2% sodium hydroxide / containing detergents or substituted phenols.
Burning / Deep Burial of dead pigs
Vaccine is now becoming available
Erysipelas
Respiratory
Neurological
GIT
Multisystemic Disease
