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Cellular control 6.1.1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - More resistance => longer lasting
    - - Phosphate changes protein tertiary structure
  - - - functional
      - have to undergo a maturation process
      - functional groups have to be added
      - folded or shortened
      - modified by cAMP e.g. lac operon
- - - - 1) Promotors - where RNA polymerase attaches, signalling the start of the gene
      - 2) Operator - where repressor binds stopping the transcription of that gene
      - 3) Structural genes - gene coding for the enzyme, they’re transcribed as a unit
  - - - Don’t need to respire lactose, so binds to lac repressor (coded from lacI [capital i])
      - Lac repressor binds to operator gene
      - RNA polymerase cannot pass the operator (inhibited)
    - - Lactose inactivates the repressor
      - Inhibits lac repressor binding to operator gene
      - RNA polymerase can pass the operator
    - - 1) Normally repressor is bound to operator
      - 2) Prevents RNA polymerase binding (at promoter) / prevents transcription
      - 3) Lactose binds to repressor
      - 4) Changes shape of repressor protein
      - 5) Unable to bind to operator
      - 6) RNA polymerase can bind (at promoter) / transcription occurs / genes switched on
      - 7) Production of lactose permease occurs
      - 8) Production of beta - galactosidase occurs
- - - - Transcription of the gene in the nucleus - an mRNA strand is formed
      - Processing of the mRNA
      - Translation of the mRNA in a ribosome - a polypeptide chain is formed
      - Modification of the protein
- - - - E.g. UV rays
    - - From cigarets & tabaco
    - - Human papilloma virus (HPV) - causes cervical cancer - vaccinated against it
      - Hepatitis C - causes liver cancer - vaccinated against it
  - - - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G__Q8mn78JBmzE6Ve0Z1PGx2wY3DgQaaniaHrvoGd_U/edit
  - - - Silent/neutral mutation - if not altered (if altered could be harmful)
    - - harmful mutation
  - - - Most likely to be non-functional
      - Probably harmful or lethal mutation
    - - https://docs.google.com/document/d/14RKsJ09JL05QSHxtw4Rcs7BAEjUdjl73hvGZt8sym4k/edit
  - - - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1irSLghz__CXvwgKKgJyP9SFLyPl5Y7eQQF40ImmQb0Y/edit
- - - - Drosophila = fruit flies
      - Used because reproduce rapidly - mutants easy to produce & analyse
  - - - i.e begins with head ends with tail
  - - - 1) Enzymes break down the cytoskeleton
      - 2) Cytoplasm becomes dense, organelles tightly packed, shrink & engulfed by lysosomes with hydrolytic enzymes
      - 3) Chromatin condenses, nuclear membrane breaks down, DNA fragments
      - 4) Plasma membrane changes and blebs form
      - 5) Vesicles form, which are phagocytosed
      - 6) Debris is disposed of and doesn’t affect other cells (components reused without release of harmful hydrolytic enzymes)
      - 7) Whole process is QUICK!
    - - Reabsorption of larval tail during amphibian metamorphosis
      - Syndactyly: rate of apoptosis is low in the developing limb before the close of the developmental sequence
      - Sloughing the endometrium during menstruation
    - - Mutated hox gene
      - Increases apoptosis
      - Repurposed as cancer treatment (used to be used for morning sickness but lead to children corn without limbs)