Jackson and Engelman conducted a study with 8,464 participants, 3,662 White women, 3,317 White men, 887 Black women, and 598 Black men. Data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), longitudinal study (Waves 2-13). The study focused on the Cumulative (Dis)advantage Theory (CAD). The theory exmaines the understanding of how advantages and disadvantages accumulate over a person life course