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SPAIN: THE BOURBON RESTORATION - Coggle Diagram
SPAIN: THE BOURBON RESTORATION
Bourbon Restoration
The First Spanish Republic ended in December 1874
after a military uprising which proclaimed Alfonso XII (Isabel II's son) king of Spain.
The person behind the Bourbon Restoration was the politician Cánovas del Castillo, who re-established a constitutional monarchy.
The reign of Alfonso XII (1875–1885) and the regency of María Cristina (1885–1902)
The reign of Alfonso XII was a period of political stability for Spain
The economy grew under the stabilising impact of the new political system set up by Cánovas del Castillo
The Constitution of 1876 recognised a constitutional monarchy as the only legal form of government and shared sovereignty between the monarch and the Cortes.
In 1890, universal male suffrage was re-established.
Bipartisanship was established; a system of two alternating official political parties.
Conservative government was led by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Liberal government was led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta.
Caciquismo in rural areas allowed elections to be manipulated and guaranteed the victory of the party previously chosen by the government.
After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885, Cánovas del Castillo and Sagasta signed the Pact of El Pardo,
support the regency of María Cristina of Austria
Regionalism and nationalism
Catalan nationalism
originated in 1891, when Enric Prat de la Riba wrote the Bases de Manresa in which he called for Catalan autonomy.
In 1901, the Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya was founded, led by Francesc Cambó.
Basque nationalism
called for the independence of País Vasco.
In 1895, Sabino Arana founded the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV).
Galician nationalism
fought to protect Galician identity and tried to gain autonomy
In 1890, the Asociación Regionalista Gallega was formed.
Its leaders were Alfredo Brañas and Alfonso Castel.
Andalusian regionalism
wanted to solve social problems, such as high unemployment
but no political party was formed until the 20th century.
The disaster of 98
uring the regency of María Cristina
the war with Cuba and the Philippines.
After the war, Spain lost the last of its overseas colonies, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
The causes and development
the demands of the Cuban Creole bourgeoisie for political autonomy and economic freedom
the rejection of the demands of the Creole bourgeoisie by the dominant Spanish class because the colonial economy favoured the sale of their products.
the Spanish government decided not to grant autonomy to Cuba.
Cuban War (1895–1898)
The pro-independence forces were led by José Martí.
The Philippines followed Cuba's example with a pro-independence uprising
In 1898, the United States intervened in favour of Cuba and the Philippines and defeated the Spanish fleet.
Spain signed the Treaty of Paris (1898) in which it granted independence to Cuba, and ceded Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the United States.
The consequences
the demoralisation of the Spanish people
the appearance of regenerationism, an intellectual and critical movement, led by Joaquín Costa, that proposed the need for a renewal of the Spanish political system by the removal of the Canovist system and educational reform.
the economic crisis caused by the loss of the colonial market; Spanish industrial exports fell and imports from the former colonies became more expensive.
The involvement of the United States
The United States was the biggest buyer of Cuban sugar and tobacco.
it could only sell 32% of its own products in Cuba because of Spain's protectionist policy.
The United States Government offered to buy the island from Spain, but when the Spanish government refused to sell
the United States decided to support the Spanish colony in its fight for independence.
The excuse for the United States to enter the war was the accidental explosion of the American warship Maine
The United States Government blamed the Spanish government for the explosion and declared war.
The reign of Alfonso XIII (1902-1931)
When Alfonso XIII became king in 1902, he was faced with a series of problems which eventually led to the end of the constitutional monarchy
Political conflict
The Constitution of 1876 was still in effect
the socialist Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) which advocated the access of the working class to political power
In 1921, the socialist left divided and the Partido Comunista Español (PCE) was formed.
republican parties, which advocated the establishment of a republic.
regionalist parties which advocated autonomy for their region, for example, the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) and the Lliga Regionalista de Catalunya (LRC).
The development of the workers' movement
the workers' movement continued to fight for better working conditions with the use of demonstrations, strikes and, in some cases, violence.
The trade unions supported and coordinated the movement, in particular the socialist Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), and the anarchist syndicate, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT).
an eight-hour working day and six-day working week.
the creation of a pension system for retired workers
new laws to regulate female and child labour.
legal recognition for trade unions.
War in Morocco
Following the Disaster of 98 and the loss of its last colonies, the Spanish government decided to regain international prestige by trying to obtain new territories.
Morocco was divided between Spain and France, at the Conference of Algeciras in 1906,
Spain established a protectorate over its newly acquired territories in Morocco (1912).
consequences
Tragic Week (1909)
Annual disaster (1921)
The military problem
Spanish public opinion was very critical of the army because of its defeats in Morocco
because of the extensive involvement of the military in Spanish political life as the army was charged with repressing demonstrations and strikes.
Compulsory military service also created discontent, as it mostly affected the poor and members of the working class.
Wealthier people could avoid military service by paying a special fee. This practice was abolished in 1912.
The accumulation of problems created a climate of political instability. Ultimately, the government was overthrown by a military coup in 1923
he coup was led by General Miguel Primo de Rivera and approved of by the king.
After the coup, Primo de Rivera established a dictatorship.
