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Germany 2 - Final Exams - Coggle Diagram
Germany 2 - Final Exams
9 - Youth Groups
1939 - It is made compulsory for Germany boys to join the Hitler Youth. By this year , 90% of boys over 14 were in the Hitler Youth.
1937 - 974,000 HJ members attended camps.
*Baldur von Schirach (Youth Leader of the German Reich) seen as a demi-god with qualities that are paradigmatic of a noble youth member.
10 - Church
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Between 1937 and 1945, over 800 clergy members were sent to concentration camps.
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11 - Opposition Groups
The White Rose Group consisted of Munich students who strongly opposed the war effort and the segregation / persecution of Jews. Hans and Sophie Scholl (their leaders were executed in 1943.
The Swing Youth opposed Nazism by adopting American culture. Members were mainly middle class and would mock Hitler through the "Heil Benny" salute. This group allows Jews to join and one member was sent to a concentration camp in 1942.
The Edelweiss Pirates consisted of (mainly) working class youths that would frequently go hiking and camping in hopes of finding and antagonising Hitler Youth members. They would offer refuge to military deserters and commit petty crimes. One portion of this group killed a Gestapo member in 1944 and were executed for this.
20th July 1944 - Operation valkyrie is carried out, a group of generals carry out a bomb plot to assassinate Hitler. Hitler captures the plotters and 5000 individuals would go on to be executed.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer publicly scolded Nazi policies (such as the Nuremberg Laws) during his sermons. He was banned from preaching in 1937. He would go on to join an illicit movement, helping Jews escape to Switzerland. He was sent to a CC in 1943.
12 - Education
The Nazis introduced the National Socialist Teachers' League. By 1936, 97% of teachers joined.
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13 - Law
Only ~15% of Gestapo cases were founded through surveillance; most came from information from friends/family.
The Gestapo only contained 16,000 individuals at its zenith. The SS - however - increased in size from 500 to 50,000 in four years.
800,000 Germans were imprisoned from 1933 to 1945 due to being deemed "enemies of the state".
12 - Economy
Hjalmar Schacht (minister from 1934 to 1937) introduced the Reich Labour Service, this offered a 6 month tenure in the workplace to the unemployed and this would be made compulsory by 1935.
1934 - The New Plan is introduced by Schacht; this hopes to focus Germany's economy on industry, it promoted an autarky.
Schacht's Strength Through Joy organisation acted to replace the banned trade unions; it provided leisure activities and desirable opportunities for workers. This organisation also promoted the Volkswagen (the people's car).
6,000,000 unemployed by January 1933 --> drops to 300,000 by 1939.
The Reich Entailed Farm Law (1933) offered protection for farmers against competition (had to prove lack of Jewish blood however).
1937 - Hermann Goering takes the place of Schacht as economic minister, he introduces the Four Year Plan which focuses Germany's economy on militarism. He wished to prepare Germany for war within four years.
13 - Turning Point
From 1939 to 1945, meat rations dropped from 750 grams to 250 grams.
By 1941, food consumption per person drops by 25%. In 1942, total war is introduced, meaning that all of Germany's resources are directed towards the war.
1943 - Goebbels closes non-essential businesses throughout Germany; over 3 million women are encouraged to start working in industry but only 1 million did so.
Hitler's Blitzkrieg tactics aimed to take several European nations in quick succession. These included Poland, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and France.
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August 27th 1939 - Rationing is introduced in Germany, Jews are entitled to fewer rations than Aryans were.
14 - Effects of War
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1943 - Hamburg is bombed twice, killing over 42,000 and destroying 60% of buildings there.
May 1943 - Allied bombing tactics begin to alter: instead of targeting industry, they target areas dense with civilians.
As a result of allied bombing, around 800,000 were killed and around 50% of bombing raids hit residential areas.
15 - Segregation
1935 - The Nuremberg Laws are passed, formalising anti-semitic ostracism by stripping Jews of their citizenship, prohibiting Aryan-Jew marriage and disallowing Jews to fly the German flag.
9th November 1938 - Kristallnacht takes place; a Jewish assassin shoots and kills vom Rath. The SS attack Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues. After this pogrom, the Jewish community are fined 1,000,000,000 Reichsmarks.
The Final Solution:
1) Jews are confined to ghettos, many starved or died from disease here.
2) Mass killings begin, Jews would be shot and buried in large numbers.
3) Extermination camps are set up following the Wannsee Conference in January 1942.
[2.5 million Jews would be killed at Auschwitz-Birkenau]