History
Summer 1956 - Poland
riots in Poznan - 53 workers killed
Poles angry at government raising food prices but not wages
Oct 1956 - USSR had made some compromises to stabilise Poland
the Catholic Church was no longer being prosecuted
a nationalist leader - Gomulka - was put in charge. not completely sympathetic to communism
USSR left Polish government to sort it themselves and moved Red Army away from the border
Khrushchev moved Red Army to Polish border
October 1956 - Hungary
Hungarians detested the harsh communist regime they experienced under Rakosi (the hardline communist leader)
Hungarians taxed to fund soviet forces in Hungary
lived in fear of the secret police
lost their freedom of speech
resented the presence of Russian schools, signs and shops in Hungary
group within communist party opposed Rakosi - June 1959
USSR ordered him to retire : instated Erno Groen (still too harsh
Oct 1956 - large student demonstration, statue of Stalin pulled down in Budapest
a more acceptable leader, Nagy, was put in power, and Soviet tanks moved away from the border
How secure was the USSR's control over Eastern Europe, 1956-c.1989? - UNIT 6
Who was to blame for the Cold War?l - UNIT 4
alliances
Yalta conference, Feb 1945
before WW2 had ended - it was clear Germany was losing
the big three - Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill
went generally well - all three leaders could negotiate despite their disagreements
agreements
Japan
Germany
free elections
United Nations
War Criminals
Eastern Europe
Stalin agreed to enter war w. Japan post Ger surrender
divided into four sections : US, British, French and Soviet
countries liberated from occupation by Nazis would be able to have free elections to decide their governments
all three leaders agreed to join the UNO to sustain peace after the war
all three agreed to hunt down and punish German war criminals responsible for committed genocides
Soviet Union had suffered badly in war
Stalin wanted assurance of security from invasion
big three agreed that Eastern Europe could become a 'soviet sphere of influence'
disagreement
Poland
Stalin wanted borders moved
the USSR's border moved into Poland, and Poland's border to be moved in Germany
Churchill did not approve of this - didn't have much power, as Red Army controlled Poland and Eastern Germany
Roosevelt - also unhappy
persuaded by Churchill to accept
on condition that USSR would not interfere in Greece, where Britain were resisting a communist takeover
click to edit
Potsdam conference July/Aug 1945
Manchuria - key info
Abyssinia - key info
dates : 1935
agressor
Italy (Mussolini)
LON's actions
committee was set up quickly
however it delayed on imposing sanctions of oil
every week committee was delayed, Mussolini could stockpile resources
GBR and FR had their own self-interests at heart
recently negotiated the Stresa Pact in 1935 with Italy in ensuring an alliance against Hitler
delay on imposing crucial oil sanctions was as a result of consequences of lack of USA support
possible consequences : Italy retaliate after ineffective sanctions imposed by League
it did impose bans on arms sales, loans, imports, tin and rubber to Italy
invaded Mussolini in Dec 1934
dates : 1931 - 1933
who : Japan
LON actions
LON sent officials to Manchuria, took a long time as it was on the other side of the world : not in Europe
took LON a year to produce a report which condemned Japan
ignored condemnation of LON - left it after humiliation in assembly and planned to invade Jehol
evidence of self-interest of GBR and FR
FR and GBR not prepared to risk armies in an all out war with Japan
seized control of their section of the Chinese Eastern Railway after it was supposedly attacked by the Chinese (1931) - placed troops into 'chaotic' China
GBR determined to maintain good relations with Japan
1930s
1920s
LEAGUE OF NATIONS - TO WHAT EXTENT A SUCCESS? - UNIT 2
failures
successes
Corfu 1923
Vilna
Aaland islands
Upper Silesia plebiscite
Poland invade Vilna in 1920
Lithuania appeal to League
League ask Poland to pull out : they refuse and GBR and FR refuse to act
Mussolini occupied island of Corfu after the murder of an iItalian officer
Greece appealed to LON for help, League condemned Italy
Mussolini allocated the dispute to the conference of ambassadors
League changed ruling and did not act against italy, as a result of Mussolini's bullying tactics
the LON organised a vote that would divide the industrialised region on the Polish-German border between the two countries
both countries accepted the result
islands in the Baltic sea
both Finland and Sweden put a claim to the,
LON ruled in favour of Finland and Sweden accepted
click to edit
WERE THE PEACE TREATIES OF 1919 - 1923 FAIR? - UNIT 1
HOW EFFECTIVELY DID THE USA CONTAIN COMMUNISM? - UNIT 5
DEPTH STUDY
HOW FAR DID USA ECONOMY BOOM IN 192OS?
CAUSES OF WALL STREET CRASH
NEW DEAL - HOW SUCCESSFUL?
HOW FAR DID US SOCIETY CHANGE IN 1920s/1930s?
Korean War
Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War
TOV
TO SGA
Saint Germain - Austria
TO NB
Neuilly - Bulgaria
TO TH
Trianon - Hungary
TO ST
Sèvres - Turkey
Accepted responsibility for starting WW1
military restriction : 30,000
Anschluss (unification with Germany) banned
lost territory to Poland, Yugoslavia, Italy and Czechoslovakia
military restriction : 20,000
lost lands to Yugoslavia, Romania and Greece
Effects : Austria suffered economically, as much of its industry had been given to Czechoslovakia
Pay £100 million in reps
Effects : many Bulgarians governed by foreign powers by 1920
Military restrictions : 50,000, Air Force not permitted
financial system controlled by the Allies - budget, taxes, etc
Areas of Turkey became zones of influence by the British, Frenc h or Italians
Impact
New American society?
Positive : handled billions of dollars of public money, and yet no corruption. Harold Ickes tapped phones of his employees and employed African Americans
Industrial workers
Positive : labour unions strengthened by NRA and some combined to form CIO in 1935 - large enough to face up to big businesses
Negative : the new deal divided the USA. FDR was accused of being a dictator, and Ickes and Hopkins accused of being anti-business
negative : big businesses remained immensely powerful even after government’s attempts to support trade unions and treated trade unionists with suspicion
Unemployment and the economy
Positives : projects such as TVA brought work and technological advancement in deprived areas, as well as useful structures such as schools, roads and airports for the longer term
negatives : the underlying economic problems were not solved by the New deal. America recovered more slowly than European economies in the Greta depression and had six million implored in 1941
African Americans
Negatives : faced racism. CCC was racially segregated, mortgages not given to black families in white neighbourhoods and many domestic workers - mainly black women - were not included in the SSA
positives : approx 200,000 AAs gained benefits from the CCC and other new deal agencies, as well as other housing projects
Women
Negatives : Frances Perkins viciously attacked in press, suffered anti semitism. Local governments introduced special conditions and qualifications to avoid paying social security payments to women
positives : Frances Perkins was a key figure in making the Second New Deal work, and was part of the New Deal helping women to achieve more prominent positions, as well as Eleanor Roosevelt