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SC 9 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Known as normal or ideal occlusion
    - - When the teeth have a severe overbite
    - - When the teeth have a severe under bite
  - - - Non-functional occlusion
      - Functional occlusion
    - - Static Occlusion
      - Dynamic Occlusion
  - - - Alignment of the teeth within each dental arch is shaped as a "U" or parabolic
      - Incisal edges and the buccal cusp tips follow a curved line around the outer edge of the dental arch
      - Lingual cusp tip of the posterior teeth follow the curved line almost parallel to the buccal cusp tips
  - - - The function or parafunction of the teeth's contact relationship is known as occlusion.
    - - The function encompasses not just contact at an occlusal interface, but also all aspects of the masticatory system's growth and stability, as well as the use of teeth in oral motor activity.
        The importance of understanding occlusion is to know why teeth become loose, wear excessively, break cusps, fracture restorations, or alter position.
  - - - .
        
        The curve of Spee was described by F. Graf von Spee in 1890
        
        Found in saggital plane
        
        Refers to the arc of a curved plane that is tangent to the incisal edges and the buccal cusp tips of the mandibular dentition viewed in the sagittal plane.
    - - CURVE OF SPEE
        
        Found on saggital planes
        
        The anterior teeth's Incisal Ridges and the posterior teeth's B cusps follow a curve that ends at the condyle's anterior surface.
      - CURVE OF WILSON
        
        .
        
        Found on coronal planes
        
        The occlusal surfaces of the back teeth have a curved shape.
        
        The crowns of mandibular posterior teeth must be angled to the lingual side, whereas the crowns of maxillary posterior teeth must be angled to the buccal side.
        
        The inclination of the molars is larger than that of the premolars, resulting in a deeper posterior position.
    - - .
        
        The curve formed by an imaginary line touching the buccal and lingual cusp tips of similar teeth on each side of the mandibular arch
        
        Coronal plane
        
        Medio-lateral on each side of arch
        
        Permits lateral mandibular excursions free from posterior interferences.
- - - - Second premolar
        
        The pulp cavity may demonstrate well-developed pulp horns & others may have blunted or nonexistent pulp horns.
        
        Pulp chamber and root canal are very broad in the buccolingual aspect of teeth with single canals.
        
        Pulp cavity does not show a well-defined demarcation between the root cavity and the pulp cavity because of the large buccolingual extent of the pulp cavity in the upper half of the tooth.
      - Fiirst molar
        
        Mesiobuccal root of the maxillary second molar is not as complex as that formed in the maxillary first molar.
        
        Tendency for a very wide mesiobuccal canal is not present in the maxillary second molar.
        
        Pulp horns may be well developed or virtually absent.
        
        Pulp chamber appears somewhat rectangular (excluding the pulp horns).
        
        Pulp canals gradually taper toward the apex until reaching the apical constriction, which occurs just before the apical foramen.
        
        Mesiobuccal root canal of the maxillary second molar does not have the tendency to be extremely large, as is demonstrated in the mesiobuccal canal of the maxillary first molar.
      - First premolar
        
        Because the buccal cusp is usually more developed than the lingual cusp, the pulp horn usually extends longer incisively under it.
        
        In teeth with a lot of attrition on the cusps, the pulp horns can be blunted. All of the variations discovered in the maxillary first premolar have a pulp chamber floor that is below the cervical level.
        
        The incisal-apical dimension of the pulp chamber of teeth with the least root spacing is usually the biggest.
      - Second molar
        
        Mesiobuccal canal orifice is located farther to the buccal and mesial aspect of the pulp chamber.
        
        Distobuccal canal more nearly approaches the midpoint between the mesiobuccal and palatal canal.
        
        Palatal canal is located at the most lingual aspect of the root.
        
        Because of the tendency for the roots to be fused or at least closer together, the orifices of the root canals are much closer together in the maxillary second molar than in the maxillary first molar.
        
        In the cervical cross section, the triangularity of the floor of the pulp chamber is clearly demonstrated.
      - Canine
        
        .
        
        Canine has the largest labiolingual root dimension -> pulp cavity corresponds closely to the outline
        
        prominent cusp: long narrow projection from pulp chamber, and shows very abrupt constriction
        
        pulp chamber and incisal third of root canal is very wide
        
        root canal may taper from pulp chamber to the apex of the root
        
        curves in the apical aspect of root
      - Lateral incisor
        
        .
        
        The pulp cavity of the lateral incisor generally follows the outline form of the crown and the root.
        
        The pulp horns are usually prominent and the pulp chamber is narrow in the incisal region and may become very wide at the cervical level of the tooth
        
        Many of the apical foramina appear to be located at the tip of the root in the labiolingual aspect, whereas some exit on the labial or lingual aspect of the root tip
      - Third molar
        
        no study has previously identified the presence of stem cell populations with embryonic-like phenotypes in human dental pulp from the third molar.
      - Central incisor
        
        .
        
        The pulp chamber is very narrow in the incisal region. In the cervical region of the tooth, the pulp chamber increases to its largest labiolingual dimension.
        
        Below the cervical area, the root canal tapers, gradually ending in a constriction at the apex of the tooth (apical constriction).
        
        The apical foramen is usually located near the very tip of the root but may be located slightly to the labial or lingual aspect of the root
        
        mesiodistal section
        
        The pulp chamber is wider in the mesiodistal dimension than in the labiolingual dimension.
        
        The pulp cavity then tapers rather evenly along its entire length until reaching the apical constriction.
        
        The position of the apical foramen is usually slightly off center from the tip of the root, but some foramina deviate drastically from the apex of the root
    - - Fiirst molar
        
        .
        
        Permits lateral mandibular excursions free from posterior interferences
        
        The pulp horns are quite prominent
        
        The mesial root usually has a more complicated root canal system because of the presence of two canals
      - Second molar
        
        .
        
        Pulp horns are usually rather prominent, however there are some pulp horns that may be small or even nonexistent
        
        Pulp chamber of the mesial root is well demarcated due to the presence of 2 canals
        
        Square or rectangular pulp chamber (exclusing the pulp horns)
      - Second premolar
        
        .
        
        It has a larger crown and root than the first premolar.
        
        The dimensions of the pulp cavities are increased, but the extremely wide dimensions are confined to the crown and the upper portion of the root canal.
        
        The pulp horns in the second premolar tend to be more prominent and the lingual pulp horn is present more often.
      - Third molar
        
        .
        
        Pulp cavity shows a lot of variation
        
        Two roots and three canals are often present, but two canals or two roots and one canal or one root
        
        Have prominent pulp horns or nonexistent pulp horns
      - First premolar
        
        .
        
        Looks like a small mandibular canine with an extra small cusp
        
        These teeth have one canal, but two or three canals are possible
        
        The pulp horn: the buccal cusp is prominent in some teeth & the lingual cusp may be prominent but small or vestigial, or absent
      - Canine
        
        .
        
        The pulp cavity size and shape is similar with the maxillary canine, mandibular canine tends to be a little shorter, also varies
        
        It is not uncommon to find two roots or at least two canals
        
        The pulp horn is prominent unless an extensive amount of attrition has taken place
        
        The pulp chamber usually is very wide but may be average to small
        
        The apical foramen often appears to exit at the tip of the apex slightly buccally or lingually to the root tip
      - Lateral incisor
        
        .
        
        Larger pulp chamber than mandibular central incisors
        
        Identical form and function with the central incisors
        
        The pulp horn is usually prominent
        
        Pulp chamber may possess a dimension that is very large, intermediate, or small
        
        Pulp canal may taper gently from the apex or narrow abruptly in the last 3 to 4 mm of the canal
        
        The apical foramen may appear to exit at the tip of the root or on the buccal/ lingual aspect of the root tip
      - Central incisor
        
        .
        
        The labiolingual dimension is very large
        
        Usually has one canal; two canals may be found but not frequent
        
        Well developed pulp horn
        
        The pulp chamber may be very large, intermediate, or very small
        
        Pulp canal tapering gently to the apex or narrow abruptly in the apical 3 to 4 mm of the root
        
        The apical foramen appear to exit at the apex or on the buccal aspect
  - - - Crown widths in all directions are large in comparison with root trunks and cervices
      - The enamel is relatively thin and has a consistent depth
      - The dentin thickness between the pulp chambers and the enamel is limited, particularly in some areas (lower second primary molar)
      - The pulp horns are high, and the pulp chambers are large
      - Primary roots are narrow and long when compared with crown width and length
      - Molar roots of primary teeth flare markedly and thin out rapidly as the apices are approached.
- - - - step 1 – Cleaning and Disinfecting the Primary Impression.
      - Step 2 – Pouring of Study Model.
      - Step 3 – Dental Cast Pouring.
      - Step 4 – Base of Diagnostic Cast.
      - Step 5 – Finishing the Diagnostic Cast.
      - Step 6 – Diagnostic Cast Trimming.