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Disorders of the Central nervous system - Coggle Diagram
Disorders of the Central nervous system
Cerebrovascular disease
Functional abnormality of the central nervous system
Causes
Haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Cerebral embolism
Cerebral thrombosis
Impaired cerebral circulation
Extradural bleeding
Subdural haematoma
Pathophysiology
Cerebrovascular disease
Atherosclerosis lesion formation
Cerebral blood vessels
Basilar arteries
Carotid arteries
Clinical manifestations
Neurological defect
Hemiplegia
Sensory deficit
Visual diturbances
Aphasia
Motor distubances
Impaired coordination
Confusion
Impaired consciousness
Medical and Nursing management
Supportive
Maintainance of electrolyte and fluid balance
Ensure breathing
Maintain normal glucose levels
Maintainance of clear way
Observations
Temperature
To monitor signs of infection
Blood pressure and Pulse
To monitor haemodynamic status
Haemoglucotesting
To ensure normal blood glucose levels
Glascoma scale
To monitor level of consciousness
Oxygen saturations
To ensure adequate tissue oxygenation
Check capillary refill
To monitor peripheral tissue perfusion
Prevent hypostatic pneumonia
Encourage patient to cough
Physiotherapist
Ensure cleanliness and healthy skin
Bedbath
Position changing 2hrly
Prevention of thrombosis
Give anticoaguants
Heparin infusion
Coumarin
Aspirin
Monitor clotting factors
Dissolving blood clots
Thrombolytics
Ensure good nutritional status
Ensuring good nutritional status
Insert nasogastric tube
To reduce blood pressure
Antihypertensives
Rehablitation
Restoration of body function
Managing incontinence
Urine catheter
Speech therapy
Essential health information
Low fat,salt diet
Weight loss
Lifestyle modification
Exercise
Stop smoking
Home modifications
Rails
Toilet
Bathroom
Spinal cord disorders
Spinal divisions
12 Thoracic region
5 Lumbar region
5 Sacral region
8 Cervical region
4 Sacral
1 coccygeal
Clinical manifestation
Loss of sensation
Reflexes changes
Weakness or paralysis
Loss of urinary/ bowel control
Uncontrolled muscle spasm
Backpain
Pathophysiology
Compression of spinal cord or injury
Bone fracture
Spinal degeneration
Spinal abnormalities
Hematoma
Tumour
Herniated disc
Damage from inside
Fluid filled cacities
Vitamin deficiency
Multiple sclerosis
Syphyllis
Autoimmune disease
Blockage of blood supply
Disorder originates from outside or inside the spinal cord
Cervical injury
Motor Function loss
Paralysis
Quadriplegia
Sensory function loss
C4 lesions
Autonomic control dysfunction
Thoracic SCI
Sensory/motor loss
Trunk and legs
Paraplegia
Lumbar SCI
Sensory/motor loss
Hips and legs
Spinal stenosis
Tumours
Herniated discs
Abscess
Hematoma
Vertebral fractures
Management
Supportive
Immediate treatment
Emergency surgery
Corticosteroids
8 hrs after injury
Improves blood flow
Preserve nerve function
Reduce inflammation
Intubation
Mechanical ventilation
Nursing management
Ensure clear airway
Position on a side
Suctioning
Ensuring tissue oygenation
Oxygen therapy
Monitor O2 Saturations
Do blood for gases
Ensure adequate fluids and electrolytes
Monitor intake and output
Prepare for CVP insertion
Monitor CVP
Insert indwelling catheter
Ensure good circulation
Observe skin colour
Pallor
Cyanosic
Check capillary refill
Check perpheral pulses
Skin temperature
Health education
Supportive
Explain nature of disease
Complete SCI are permanent
Incomplete SCI
Allow some functional improvement
Physiotherapy
Rehabilitation
Walking aids
Prosthesis
Chest percussions
Speech therapy
Restore speech
Psychologist