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Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Coggle…

- - - - relieving oxidative stress
      - synthesizing fatty acids
    - - DNA/RNA biosynthesis
- - - - reason
        
        traps glucose inside the cell
        
        lowers intracellular (unphosphorylated) glucose concentration
      - uses the energy of ATP
      - Multiple isoforms of hexokinase exist in organisms
      - ATP-bound Mg++ facilitates this process by shielding the negative charges on ATP.
      - favorable/irreversible
    - - reason
        
        makes next steps easier
      - An aldose (glucose) can isomerize into a ketose (fructose)
      - unfavorable/reversible
    - - reason
        
        further activation of glucose
      - Second committed step of glycolysis
      - uses the energy of ATP
      - favorable/irreversible
      - Phosphofructokinase-1 is highly regulated.
    - - reason
        
        Six-carbon sugar is cleaved into two three-carbon sugars.
      - The reverse process is the familiar aldol condensation.
      - unfavorable/reversible
    - - reason
        
        single chemical pathway
      - Aldolase creates two triose phosphates
        
        glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)
        
        dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
        
        Only GAP is the substrate for the next enzyme.
        
        DHAP—>GAP
      - unfavorable/reversible
  - - - reason
        
        generation of a high-energy phosphate compound
        
        allows for net production of ATP via glycolysis
        
        inorganic phosphate
      - First energy-yielding step
      - NAD+ ->NADH
      - Active-site cysteine
        
        high-energy thioester intermediate
        
        inactivation by oxidative stress
      - unfavorable/reversible
    - - reason
        
        make ATP
      - favorable/reversible
      - Kinases
        
        transfer phosphate groups between ATP and various substrates
    - - reason
        
        form high-energy phosphate compound
      - active-site histidines is posttranslationally modified to phosphohistidine.
      - unfavorable/reversible
    - - reason
        
        generate a high-energy phosphate compound
      - unfavorable/reversible
    - - reason
        
        make ATP
      - enol -> ketone
      - requires divalent metals (Mg++ or Mn++) for activity
      - favorable/irreversible
- - - - Both steps require cofactors.
        
        pyruvate decarboxylase
        
        Mg++
        
        thiamine pyrophosphate
        
        alcohol dehydrogenase
        
        Zn++
        
        NAD+
- - - - transport into the mitochondria
    - - GTP and decarboxylation
      - occurs in mitochondria or cytosol
  - - - Malate
      - PEP
      - pyruvate
    - - Oxaloacetate
  - - - by fructose bisphosphatase-1
    - - by glucose 6-phosphatase